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Residential Implementation of Photovoltaic Systems By Chris Hinton & Patrick Patterson

Off-Grid & Grid Tied Mounting Techniques Inverters. System Sizing & Design PV Modules Future of PVs. Residential Implementation of Photovoltaic Systems By Chris Hinton & Patrick Patterson. Placement & Orientation Energy Storage Charge controllers.

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Residential Implementation of Photovoltaic Systems By Chris Hinton & Patrick Patterson

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  1. Off-Grid & Grid Tied Mounting Techniques Inverters System Sizing & Design PV Modules Future of PVs Residential Implementation of Photovoltaic SystemsBy Chris Hinton & Patrick Patterson • Placement & Orientation • Energy Storage • Charge controllers

  2. Two Types of Residential Photovoltaic (PV) Systems • Grid-tied • Off-grid East Lansing, Michigan - National Renewable Energy Lab Golden, Colorado - National Renewable Energy Lab

  3. Off-grid PV Systems • Power for remote systems • Cost-prohibitive utility line extensions Location unknown - SolarDepot.com “…Electric company quoted US$7 a foot to bring in the utility line from about a mile away (about US$37,000).” - Home Power Magazine #92 Pg 22

  4. Grid-tied PV Systems • Net Metering • Local incentives promote grid-tied systems exclusively • Reduce peak power demand on utility - Energy Trust of Oregon

  5. PV System Sizing How much power do you need? • Energy use & auditing • Energy efficiency measures • Energy requirements for PV

  6. Off-grid System Considerations Design system to match load • Begin with precise load calculations • Reduce load requirements through efficiency measures • Estimate energy production potential from solar insolation data • Select PV hardware to match load requirements - Xantrex

  7. Grid-tied System Considerations Design system economically • Examine previous power bills • Implement energy efficiency first • Estimate production potential from solar insolation data • Choose % of load to match • Select PV hardware for utility interconnection - Xantrex

  8. Module Placement & Orientation • Implications of shading • The sun path • Azimuth • Tilt angle Moorepark, California - BP Solar

  9. Tracing the Sun • Seasonal sun path variations • Solar pathfinder tool • Obstacles to sunlight can be traced and predicted for different times of the year - Real Goods - Home Power Magazine # 57, pg. 32

  10. Module Placement & Orientation Guidelines • Standard PV module azimuth rule: • (Orientation) = (True South) • Note: In Portland, true South is about • 19° east of magnetic South • Standard PV module tilt rule: • (Angle from horizontal) = • (Geographic Latitude) http://www.proaxis.com/~johnbell/iitt/questionftf49.htm - Real Goods

  11. What About Azimuth & Performance? • Home Power Magazine # 93, pgs. 24-28

  12. Effects of Tilting PV Modules Maximize energy production by optimizing tilt angle Seasonal adjustments can further maximize production capabilities - Home Power Magazine # 57, pg. 35

  13. How much does tilt angle really matter? • Home Power Magazine # 93, pgs. 24-28

  14. Module Placement & Orientation Considerations Placement and orientation often depend upon system priority: • Off-grid systems should maximize energy production • Grid-tied systems often maximize aesthetics characteristics

  15. Aesthetics Count This is the same house! • Home Power Magazine # 93, pg. 26 • Home Power Magazine # 93, pgs. 10, 11

  16. Module Mounting Roof Mounted Ground Mounted • Home Power Magazine # 93, pg. 15 - National Renewable Energy Lab Trackers • Home Power Magazine # 95, pg. 127

  17. Mounting Considerations • PV cooling • Wind resistance • Structural Stability • Code compliance • PV Orientation • Aesthetics • Visibility (visible installations may increase public awareness of renewable energy) Oak Park, California - BP Solar

  18. Energy Storage • Off-grid storage needs • Grid-tied energy storage • Cost and Efficiency Considerations - Home Power Magazine # 27, pg. 34 - National Renewable Energy Lab

  19. Off-grid Energy Storage • Calculate storage requirements from: • Climate (periods of cloudy weather?) • Critical loads (what do you need to power?) • Capacity should last 4 – 21 days • Batteries should not be discharged more than 50% – 70% or battery life is shortened • Install batteries in safe, climate-controlled, ventilated location (not in your living room)

  20. Grid-tied Energy Storage • Most Grid-tied systems do not use batteries • Rather the utility grid is treated as a 100% efficient, unlimited capacity battery (except during outages) • Batteries may be added for additional storage flexibility

  21. Batteries: Cost & Efficiency Considerations • Batteries add significant cost to a PV system • Charging batteries significantly reduces system efficiency: 20% energy losses are typical during battery charging “The Xantrex XS12205 12-volt, 184 amp hour,AGM battery was designed for backup and solar applications.” $399 (list) or $179 (on sale) http://www.partsonsale.com/xs12200.html

  22. Photovoltaic Hardware Selection • PV Modules • Inverters & Charge Controllers • Mounting Hardware • Balance of System Components

  23. Photovoltaic Modules – Selection Criteria • Cell types (in decreasing order of price and efficiency) • Monocrystalline • Polycrystalline • Amorphous (thin-film) • Performance • IV curves • Maximum power rating • efficiency • Aesthetics

  24. Module Comparison Chart

  25. Photovoltaic Modules – Product Survey • BP Solar: BP 5170 http://www.bpsolar.com/ContentDocuments/84/BP%205170S.pdf • Shell Solar: SP150-PC http://www.shell.com/static/shellsolar/downloads/products/us/ShellSP150-PC_USv1.pdf • Evergreen Solar: EC-110 http://www.evergreensolar.com/egsolar1/pdf/ec100series13.pdf • Kyocera: KC120-1 http://www.kyocerasolar.com/pdf/specsheets/kc120_1.pdf • Sharp: NT-S5E1U http://www.sharpusa.com/files/sol_dow_185WSS.pdf

  26. Inverters – Selection Criteria • Output types • True sine wave • Modified sine wave • Input requirements • 12VDC, 24VDC, 48VDC • String inverters • PV Modules wired accordingly • Monitoring and data logging capabilities • Non-islanding inverters for Grid-tie applications - SMA America

  27. Charge Controllers • Purpose – safe battery charging • Types • Series • Shunt • Stand-alone units • Integrated (into inverter) - RV Power Products

  28. Inverter Comparison Chart

  29. Remote Monitoring Options

  30. PC Interface: Trace (Xantrex) • Home Power Magazine # 94, pgs. 24, 26

  31. PC Interface: SunnyBoy - SMA America

  32. Inverters & Charge Controllers – Product Survey • Outback Power Systems • http://www.outbackpower.com/ • SMA America • http://www.sma-america.com/ • Xantrex • http://www.xantrex.com/products/index.asp

  33. Mounting Hardware • Two Seas Mounting Structures http://www.2seas.com/matrix_ground_roof_a_r.htm • Ground/Roof • Flush Mount • Multi-Tier • Low Profile • Unirac http://www.unirac.com/ • Large Array PV Module Mounting System • Solarmount (ground/roof) • Tracker 200 (2-module tracking rack) - UniRac

  34. Balance of System Components • DC disconnects • AC Disconnects • Fuses/Breakers • Grounding hardware • Lightning Arrestors • Combiner Boxes

  35. Case Studies • Off Grid Living • Grid-tied with batteries and monitoring • Off Grid PV & Wind Hybrid System • Grid-tied system with unbelievable payback

  36. Off Grid Case Study: Bisbee Family – Home Power Magazine #92, pgs. 22-27

  37. Grid-tied Case Study: Simons Family - Home Power Magazine # 94, pgs. 22-27

  38. Off Grid Case Study: Reising & McCoy Family - Home Power Magazine #89, pgs. 10-19

  39. Grid-tied Case Study: Webster Family - Home Power Magazine #95, pgs. 22-28

  40. Grid-tied Case Study: Webster Family

  41. Conclusions & Personal Thoughts • Carefully designed residential PV systems provide their owners with clean, reliable power, and promote interest in renewable energy sources • Hydrogen as Energy Storage • Building-integrated materials • Expanded use of solar energy for water purification, water heating, space heating (air-to-air heat exchangers), as well as electricity production • Home Power Magazine # 93, pg. 27

  42. References • Bell, John (2000). Questions from the Field… [Internet] Available from: <http://www.proaxis.com/~johnbell/iitt/questionftf49.htm> [Accessed July 2003] • Bisbee, D. (2002) Off the Grid: Starting Small Home Power Magazine, No 92, December/January, pp. 22-23. • BP Solar (2003). BP Solar Home Page [Internet] Available from: <http://www.bpsolar.com> [Accessed July 2003] • Chadderdon, M. and Chadderdon, J. (2003) The Chadderdon Photovoltaic Story. Home Power Magazine, No 93, February/March pp. 10-18. • Energy Trust (2003). Solar Electric for Homes and Businesses [Internet] Available from: <http://www.energytrust.org> [Accessed July 2003] • McCoy, C. and Reising, C. (2002) Still Saying "Yes" to Sunshine Home Power Magazine, No 89, June/July, pp. 10-19. • National Renewable Energy Lab (2003). Photographic Information Exchange [Internet] Available from: <http://www.nrel.gov/data/pix/pix.html> [Accessed July 2003] • OutBack Power Systems (2003). OutBack Power Systems Home Page [Internet] Available from: <http://www.outbackpower.com> [Accessed July 2003] • Perez, R. and Drake, J. (1997) Where and How to Mount PV Modules. Home Power Magazine, No 57, February/March, pp. 32-37. • RV Power Products (2003). RV Power Products Home Page [Internet] Available from: <http://www.rvpowerproducts.com> [Accessed July 2003] • Schaeffer, J. ed. (2001) Solar Living Source Book: The Complete Guide To Renewable Energy Technologies & Sustainable Living. 11th ed. USA, • Chelsea Green Publishing Company. • Simons, B. (2003) PV Done Right - Grid Tie, Battery Backup, and System Monitoring. Home Power Magazine, No 94, April/May, pp. 22-27. • SMA-America (2003). SMA-America Home Page [Internet] Available from: <http://www.sma-america.com> [Accessed July 2003] • Solar Depot (2003). Solar Depot Home Page [Internet] Available from: <http://www.solardepot.com> [Accessed July 2003] • Solatron Technologies (2003). Xantrex XS12205 [Internet] Available from: <http://www.partsonsale.com/xs12200.html> [Accessed July 2003] • Two Seas Metalworks (2003). Two Seas Metalworks Home Page [Internet] Available from: <http://www.2seas.com/matrix_ground_roof_a_r.htm> [Accessed July 2003] • UniRac (2003). Unirac Home Page [Internet] Available from: <http://www.unirac.com> [Accessed July 2003] • Webster, D. (2003) Getting Off the Lifetime Utility Payment Plan. Home Power Magazine, No 95, June/July, pp. 22-28. • Xantrex (2003). Products [Internet] Available from: <http://www.xantrex.com/Products/index.asp> [Accessed July 2003] • Yewdall, Z. (2003) PV Orientation. Home Power Magazine, No 93, February/March, pp. 24-28.

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