1. When and where did the Industrial Revolution begin?

1. 1. When and where did the Industrial Revolution begin? England in the 1700’s

2. 2. Where did it spread from there? From continental Europe to N. America

3. 3. What factors contributed to the beginning of the Industrial Revolution? Land, labor, capital(wealth) people who were entrepreneurs willing take risks in new ideas

4. 4. What kinds of positive changes resulted in the Industrial Revolution? New inventions, more jobs, more $ generated in the economy

5. 5. How were factories powered? Water, then Steam powered engines which was produced by coal

6. 6. What were the two main methods of transportation? Railroads, paved roads, steamboats

7. 7. What effects were evident from the improvements in transportation? Stable transportation Steamboats slashed $ of transportation Travel became easier & faster More jobs created

8. 8. What was the larger impact on the world from the Industrial Revolution Inventions were a closely guarded secret in England; N. America wanted those secrets and would pay big $ to learn Easier to travel long distances Factories made materials more efficient and better quality – eventually able to complete (buy & sell) Middle class grew

9. 9. What were some of the problems that developed in cities from Industrialization? Over population, crowded cities, pollution in air and water, poor working conditions, larger separation of classes along with growing tensions between rich & poor, ills of child labor, health of many deteriorated because of working

10. 10. What is urbanization? The movement of people from rural areas to cities

11. 11. Why were factories developed in clusters? They were built near sources of energy like rivers

12. 12. What kinds of conditions did workers face in working/living conditions? • Unsafe working conditions – long hours, poor ventilation, cramped spaces, no benefits (vacation & health); if you couldn’t work because you were ill, oftentimes, you’d lose your job. Always someone ready to take your place

13. 13. How much time did workers spend on the job? Between 14-15 hrs/ day, 6 days a week

14. 14. What were some of the positive effects for people from the Industrial Revolution? New laws were implemented to protect workers, more $ generated in the economy, more options of goods to be purchased, better quality of goods, cheap goods

15. 15. What was the Factory Act of 1819? • This act restricted working age and hours

16. 16. How did Francis Cabot Lowell revolutionize the American textile industry? • He mechanized every aspect of the textile industry = faster, more efficient, and better quality of goods

17. 17. Which 2 cities in the U.S. expanded rapidly during the late 1800’s? • Chicago & Minneapolis

18. 18. Which major companies were founded by John D. Rockefeller & Andrew Carnegie? • Oil & Steel (Standard Oil & Carnegie Steel)

19. 19. Which country led Europe in adopting Britain’s new technology? Belgium

20. 20. What was the result of the creation of a “middle class”? *The middle class was a social class of people made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers • People became more education – they could afford school • Democratic participation – more had a voice because they were informed. The decisions that had to be made • More wealth generated because people were spending what they earned

21. 21. What does laissez-faire mean? How does that apply to today’s economy in the U.S.? • Laissez-faire is a “hands off” economic policy in which the government allows owners of industry to set working conditions (including prices to some extent) without interference. The US has a somewhat “hands off” approach in that it doesn’t tell a company how much to produce or at what cost. Sometimes govt. must interfere and set limits.

22. 22. Who was Adam Smith and what did he write about? • Adam Smith was a professor in Scotland. He wrote about the idea of free markets in his 1776 book “The Wealth of Nations”. He believed that economic liberty guaranteed economic progress. 3 Laws – 1) law of self interest = people work for their own good; 2) law of competition = competition forces people to make better products; 3) law of supply and demand = enough goods would be produced at the lowest possible price to meet demand in a market economy

23. 23. What is capitalism? • Capitalism is an economic system in which the factors of production (land, labor, & capital) are privately owned. Money is invested into businesses & opportunities to make a profit.

24. 24. What is socialism? • In Socialism, the factors of production are owned by the government and operate for the welfare of all. People who supported socialism felt that it would promote equality & end poverty

25. 25. Who wrote The Communist Manifesto?26. What is the book about? Karl Marx wrote the Communist Manifesto. In this book, he believed that people were always divided into the “haves & have-nots”. The wealthy would own the factors of production, while the poor would perform the worst jobs under terrible conditions.

26. 27. What did the authors predict would be the future for the world? • The thought that capitalism would destroy itself. The poor would revolt against the rich, overthrow them, seize the factories and produce what society needed = sharing everything.

27. 28. What is communism according to Marx? • According to Marx, communism is defined as a form of complete socialism in which the means of production - all land, coal mines, factories, RR’s, and businesses would be owned by the people. All goods and services would be owned equally.

28. 29. What was the purpose of the union in workplace? • To protect working conditions of laborers – usually referring to hours & pay

29. 30. Name one factor that would cause a person to go on strike. • If the demands of workers weren’t met, people would go on strike. Today strikes could last for hrs, days, weeks, even months.

30. 31. Briefly describe the Factory Act of 1833 and the Mines Act of 1842. • Factory Act of 1833 A new law passed by Parliament that prohibited children under 9 from working in factories 9-12 aged children could work no more than 8 hrs, and 13-17 no more than 12 hrs. • Factory Act of 1842 The Mines Act prohibited women and children from working underground at all.

31. 32. What 2 movements/causes were spurred on by assisting women and minorities? • For women it was the fight for equal rights, mostly in working conditions. They wanted = pay. • For minorities, it was the abolition of slavery. In 1833, slavery was abolished in Britain; 1865 in the US

32. 33. What was Alexis de Tocqueville fighting to change? • He was interested in prison reform. He wrote that prisoners should be able to live productive lives upon release, not just “lock up & throw away the key” mentality

33. Capitalism, Socialism, and Communism Individuals & businesses own property and the means of production Community or the state owns property and means of production There is no private ownership Unequal distribution of wealth & material goods is unfair Consumers compete to the best goods at the lowest prices All goods & services would be equally shared