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Exercise physiology

Exercise physiology. Objective : To know and understand the physiological effects of physical loading and exercise and measurement of physical condition and the effects of physical training. Contents : Theory and exercises (1) Basics of exercise physiology

justina-wilcox
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Exercise physiology

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  1. Exercisephysiology Objective: To know and understand the physiologicaleffects of physicalloading and exercise and measurement of physicalcondition and the effects of physicaltraining. Contents: Theory and exercises (1) Basics of exercisephysiology (2) Energy production in exercise (3) Circulatoryfunctions in exercise (4) Pulmonaryfunctions in exercise

  2. BASICS OF EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY PHYSIOLOGY? • Study of functions of living matter • Explains starting,evolving and continuing the physical and chemical factors of life • Areas of physiology: - virology, bakteriology - cell physiology - physiology of plants,animals and humans - nutrition physiology.

  3. AREAS OF PHYSICAL CAPACITY • Energy production - Aerobic processes - Anaerobic processes • Neuromuscular functions - Force production - Teknics • Psychological factors - Motivation - Tactics

  4. LOADING? •Physicalloading of - Growth and development - Restingstate - Exessiveloading of exercise - Environmentalloading •Psychologicalloading •Combinedeffect

  5. Percievedexertion of loading? •Systemiclevel •Level of regulatorysystems •Level of bodyorganisms •Cellularlevel •Molecularlevel •Physical and psychologicalfactorscombined

  6. Physicalloading: Activity of motorcortex → muscularactivity → activation of breathing center → regulation of circulation → pituitarygland and hormonalactivity → symphatoadrenalactivity → activity of defensivemachanisms = Organismtries to prohibit the change in homeostasis (balance of bodyfuntions). Trainingeffectrequireschange in homeostasis = overload.

  7. Effects of loading in bodyfunctions (stresstheory): a) Stress (alarm) reaction + acuteadaptation - stresshormones and neuralreactions b) Adaptationperiod = chronicadaptation - occurs in recoveryperiod - sameloadingcausessmallerstressreactionlater - adaptation is specific c) Exhaustion and overloading - sum of loadingfactorsexeedadaptationability of the body Loading/stressfactorsareamongothersphysicalloading, externalconditions, psycho-socialfactors, primaryneeds, growth and development

  8. Stimulicausingtrainingeffect (= chronicadaptation): • Mechanicalfactors • - level of muscularforce • - stretch • 2) Neuromuscularactivity • - EMG in muscles • - neuralimpulses in the brain • 3) Humoralfactors • - hormones • - chemicalcompounds (lack of O2 for instance)

  9. METHODS OF LOADING • Mechanical ergometers - Belt brakes - Weigts - Air resistance • Ergometers • Stepping • Treadmill • Simulators • Natural movements • Electrical brakes • Magnetc brakes

  10. W = F x s P=W=F x s t t P = Power (W) t = Time (s) MECHANICAL WORK AND POWER W = Work (Nm, J) F = Force (N) s = Distande (m)

  11. CYCLE ERGOMETER P=W=F x s t t For instance: F = 19.6 N (2 kg . 9.81 m/s2) s = 6 m (distance of the wheelrim/pedalround) t = 60 s Pedalingfrequency (60/min)

  12. PP-ERGOMETRITYÖ P=W=F x s = 19.6 N x 6m x 60 = 118 W t t 60 s esim. F = 19.6 N (2 kg x 9.81 m/s2) s = 6 m (distance of wheelrim/pedalround) t = 60 s Pedalingfrequency (60/min)

  13. STEPPING P=W=F x s = 765.2 N x 0.5m x 18.5 = 118 W t t 60 s For instance: F = 765.2 N (78 kg x 9.81 m/s2) s = 0.5 m (benchheight) t = 60 s And steppingfrequency 18.5/min

  14. TREADMILL P=W=F x s = 765.2 N x 554 m = 118 W t t 3600 s esim. F = 765.2 N (78 kg x 9.81 m/s2) s = 554 m (= sin 5.3 x 6000 m) t = 3600 s (= 1 h) Treadmillspeed 6 km/h And angle 5.3 6000 m 554 m 5.3 sin 5.3= 554 m= 0.924 6000 m

  15. CONVERSIONS 1 watti = 6.1 kgm/min 1 watti = 1 joule/s 1 watti = 0.7376 hv/s 1 watti = 0.2388 cal 1 kcal = 4186 J

  16. CALIBRATIONS • To common measures - Lengths - Weights - Temperatures - Pressures - Differentgrades - Functions

  17. STANDARDIZING GAS VOLUMES STPD = gasvolumeundertemperature of 0C, pressure of 760 mm Hg and dry air. BTPS = gasvolume in bodytemperature(37C ), measuredenvironmentalpressure and saturatedwithwater of 47 mm Hgpartialpressure in temperature of 37C

  18. PERCIEVED EXERTION OF LOADING • ”Ratiosetting” - Percentagerelations (10, 20, …, 100%) - Multiplyingfactors (2, 3, …, 10krt; - MET) • ”Ratiorating” - Relationsbetweenstimuli •Directmeasurements - RPE-scale: 6-20 (Borg scale)

  19. R = a + k (s – b)n, Borg 1970 • R = Perceived loading • s = Stimulus strength • a = Percieved resting load • b = Stimulus treshold value

  20. Original RPE scale • 6 • 7 Very, very light • 8 • 9 Very light • 10 • Fairly light • 12 • Somewhat hard • 14 • Hard • 16 • Very hard • 18 • 19 Very, very hard • Correlates to: • - Heartrate • VO2 • VCO2 • VE • LA …. • Cannotbeused to compareperceivedloadings of differentindividuals

  21. New RPE scale 0 Nothing at all 0.5 Very, very weak 1 Very weak 2 Weak 3 Moderate 4 Somewhat strong 5 Strong 6 7 Very strong 8 9 10 Very, very strong → Maximal • - Bettersuited for intra-individualcomparison • Desimaalnumbersallowed • No upperlimit

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