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Overview of Cellular Metabolism: Anabolism, Catabolism, and Energy Production

This chapter explores cellular metabolism, focusing on anabolism and catabolism. Anabolism refers to the building of complex molecules, while catabolism breaks them down for energy. Key processes such as dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis are discussed, along with the role of enzymes in regulating metabolic pathways. The chapter details glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain in cellular respiration, highlighting ATP production and energy transfer. Understanding these metabolic processes is crucial for grasping how cells harness energy for growth and maintenance.

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Overview of Cellular Metabolism: Anabolism, Catabolism, and Energy Production

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  1. CHAPTER 4CELLULAR METABOLISM

  2. ANABOLISM http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=arnold+schwarzenegger+movies+pumping+iron&FORM=BIFD&adlt=strict#

  3. DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/ecb/ecb_images/03_40_2_synthesis_polymer.jpg

  4. CATABOLISM http://www.saidaonline.com/en/newsgfx/cat-and-mouse-jpg.jpg

  5. HYDROLYSIS http://imcurious.wikispaces.com/file/view/hydrolysis_reaction.jpg/113609729/hydrolysis_reaction.jpg

  6. ENZYMES http://www.agricultureinformation.com/mag/?p=2984

  7. ENZYME ACTION http://www.carefreeenzymes.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/EnzymeExample.jpg ENZYME REMAINS UNCHANGED

  8. METABOLIC PATHWAYS CONTROLLED BY: http://www2.ufp.pt/~pedros/bq/all.gif NEGATIVE FEEDBACK RATE LIMITNG ENZYME

  9. COFACTOR/COENZYME http://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/proteins/images/u4fg3.jpg

  10. ENZYME ACTIVITY • HEAT • RADIATION • ELECTRICITY • CERTAIN CHEMICALS • HIGH pH DENATURED

  11. ATP http://www.griffined.com/pages/biohomepage.html

  12. http://biogeno.us/faithblogs/johnyongminkim/files/2008/10/img0131.jpghttp://biogeno.us/faithblogs/johnyongminkim/files/2008/10/img0131.jpg

  13. PHOSPHORYLATION http://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9514267672/html/graphic44.png

  14. PHOSPHORYLATION OF ATP http://230nsc1.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Biology/imgbio/atpsynp.gif

  15. CELLULAR RESPIRATION GLYCOLYSIS KREBS CYCLE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

  16. GLYCOLYSIS http://library.thinkquest.org/27819/media/glycolysis.gif

  17. GLYCOLYSIS SUMMARY • ANAEROBIC • GLUCOSE BREAKS IN HALF:2 3 CARBON • USES 2 ATPS/ MAKES 4 ATPS • NET GAIN: 2 ATPS • FORMS 2 NADH

  18. NAD http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/NAD_NADH.jpg HYDROGEN CARRIER

  19. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION • ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN NOT ACCEPTING H • LACTIC ACID FORMED

  20. AEROBIC RESPIRATION CITRIC ACID CYCLE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

  21. CITRIC ACID CYCLE http://www.apjohncancerinstitute.org/images/chart2a.jpg

  22. CoA

  23. CITRIC ACID CYCLE SUMMARY AEROBIC 1 ATP PER CYCLE: 2 ATPS NET 8 NADH 2 FADH2 6 CO2 RELEASED

  24. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=ELECTRON+TRANSPORT+CHAIN&qpvt=ELECTRON+TRANSPORT+CHAIN&FORM=Z7FD1&adlt=strict#focal=4139d4d535aa5e3jpg

  25. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN SUMMARY AEROBIC 10 NADH  30 ATPS 2 FADH2  4 ATPS TOTAL: 34 ATPS FORMATION OF H2O: Oxygen is the final electron carrier

  26. CELLULLAR RESPIRATION SUMMARY • ATP PRODUCTION • GLYCOLYSIS: • 2 ATP • KREB’S CYCLE: • 2 ATP • ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN: • 34 ATP • TOTAL: • 38 ATP • NADH PRODUCTION • GLYCOLYSIS • 2 • KREBS CYCLE • 8 • TOTAL • 10 • FADH2 PRODUCTION • KREBS CYCLE • 2 HOW MANY ATPS FOR NADH? HOW MANY ATPS FOR FADH2? WHY THE DIFFERENCE?

  27. CARBOHYDRATE USE • FOR? • CATABOLIC REACTIONS: ENERGY RELEASE (CELLULAR RESPIRATION) • ANABOLIC REACTIONS: TO STORE AS GLYCOGEN • EXCESS CAN FORM FAT MOLECULES • CAN FORM 12 AMINO ACIDS

  28. NUCLEIC ACIDS • DNA • GENETIC CODE • GENES • GENOME • GENE EXPRESSION • PURINES (DOUBLE RING): A & G • PYRIMIDINES: t & c • COMPLEMENTARY BASE PAIRS: A&T; G&C • CHROMATIN: DNA AND HISTONES

  29. DNA REPLICATION • WHEN DOES IT OCCUR?

  30. DNA REPLICATION HELICASE UNZIPS DNA FOR REPLICATION OR TRANSCRIPTION

  31. DNA REPLICATION http://library.thinkquest.org/C006188/basics/replication.htm DNA POLYMERASE

  32. GENETIC CODE TRIPLET CODE

  33. RNA • SINGLE STRAND • RIBOSE • URACIL REPLACES THYMINE • MOVE TO RIBOSOMES • 3 TYPES: • MESSENGER, TRANSFER, RIBOSOMAL

  34. RNA TRANSCRIPTION http://www.chem.uwec.edu/Webpapers2006/sites/fredermr RNA POLYMERASE; PROMOTER

  35. TRANSCRIPTION • WHEN DOES TRANSCRIPTION TAKE PLACE? • DNA HELICASE • RNA POLYMERASE • WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF FORMING mRNA?

  36. TRANSLATION • CODON • ANTICODON

  37. http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/bb331/lecture12/fi5p20.gif

  38. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS http://faculty.sdmiramar.edu/fgarces/ChemProj/Ch100_F99/Ch100/wise/protein_synthesis.gif

  39. VIDEO OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSv-Rq5C3K8&feature=related

  40. CHANGES IN GENETIC INFORMATION • MUTATIONS • Change; in <1% • Spontaneous: Replication errors: wrong base or nucelotide slip • Induced: Mutagens • Can cause disease • SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORHISMS: SNPs • No change • COPY NUMBER VARIANT: repeated sequence

  41. PROTECTION AGAINST MUTAITON • DNA DAMAGE RESPONSE • SPECIAL REPAIR ENZYMES • CODON STRUCTURE • 2 STRANDS OF EACH CHROMOSOME

  42. MUTATION EFFECT • GAMETE • ADULT CELL • CANCER

  43. INBORN ERROR OF METABOLISM • INHERITED MUTATION OF ENZYME THAT BLOCKS A REACTION • BIOCHEMICAL THE ENZYME WORKS ON BUILDS UP • BIOCHEMICAL THE ENZYME PRODUCES IS SCARCE

  44. INBORN ERROR OF METABOLISM

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