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Understanding Complex Sentences: Adjective Clauses and Appositives

This guide explores complex sentences with a focus on adjective clauses and appositives. An adjective clause begins with a relative pronoun and modifies a noun, while an appositive restates or clarifies a noun it follows. Learn about essential and nonessential adjective clauses, including their correct punctuation, and the use of relative pronouns like "who," "whom," "that," and "which." Additionally, discover rules for punctuating appositives. The examples provided will help solidify your understanding of these important grammatical structures.

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Understanding Complex Sentences: Adjective Clauses and Appositives

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  1. Complex Sentences and Appositives Using Adjective Clauses

  2. Key Vocab • DC • Adjective • Relative pronoun • Appositive

  3. Adjective Clause • Definition: a clause that begins with a relative pronoun. It functions as an adjective • who was coming to the party. • that I wanted to complete • which was helpful

  4. Relative Pronouns • Begin adjective clauses • who, whom,whose, that, which • who, whom, and whose refer to people • that and which refer to other nouns

  5. Placement of Adjective Clauses • Adjective clauses follow the noun or pronoun that they modify in the sentence. • He was the person who won the contest. • The light that was turnedon took away the gloominess of the day.

  6. Punctuation of Adjective Clauses • Restrictive (or essential/necessary) adjective clauses: necessary to the meaning of the sentence--DO NOT USE COMMAS • Sounder was the film that I saw last night. • The man who wore the brown coat was the winner. • Adjective clauses that begin with that are always essential.

  7. Punctuation of Adjective Clauses • Nonrestrictive (nonessential/unnecessary) Adjective Clauses add extra information to sentences. THEY REQUIRE THE USE OF COMMAS. • Notorious, which is one of Alfred Hitchcock’s best films, is frequently shown on television. • Jenny, who is nice, drove everyone home from the game.

  8. Tips for punctuation • If the Adj DC follows a proper noun, you can usually assume it requires a comma • Use a comma for which • Do NOT use a comma for that

  9. Examples • My brother who is named Olly gave me a nickel to buy some candy. • I have two brothers. • My brother, who is named Olly, gave me a nickel to buy some candy. • I have only one brother.

  10. Adjective Clauses: Underline • The boy who was in the play lived next door. • The clock, which ticked incessantly, kept me awake. • He knew the words to the song that no one else knew. • Columbus, which is the capital of Ohio, is growing rapidly.

  11. Who and Whom • Who – use when it’s the subject of a clause Who will go home early? • Whom (objective case) – use when it’s the object of a verb • direct object • indirect object • object of preposition • To whom am I speaking? • Give whom the coffee?

  12. Practice: Underline the Adj DC and add commas where needed • The chicken that bit me is now on my dinner plate. • Gail who is a monkey trainer failed to inform me of the primate meeting. • The students who studied will pass the test. (It is known that they all studied.) • The students who studied will pass the test. (Only some of the students studied.) • The students who are seniors will do the senior project.

  13. Who/Whom Rule • The quick test – ask yourself if you would use he or him? • If you would use he, use who. • If you would use him, use whom. • If it’s part of an Adj DC, use who, • If it’s not part of an Adj DC, use whom.

  14. Appositives • Def: Noun that restates the noun it follows • Jackie, my best friend, rode the horse in the parade. • The book, the one about Hitler, was disturbing. • I am reading the book The Kite Runner.

  15. Commas with appositives Commas usually separate appositives. You do not use commas, however, when the appositive is restrictive or essential. • My dog Rover is a golden retriever; my dog Missy is a black lab. • I lost my ring, the one with the fake diamond in it.

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