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Rabies in Rural Africa

Rabies in Rural Africa . HL 322 Chloe MacBeth Asia Giammarco Rachel Owens Rozemary Howard . Introduction Video . http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-moG6JDmJdc. Overview. Global Issue A ffects Wild and Pets Funding problems Different Paradigms. Cultural Aspect .

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Rabies in Rural Africa

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  1. Rabies in Rural Africa HL 322 Chloe MacBeth Asia Giammarco Rachel Owens Rozemary Howard

  2. Introduction Video • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-moG6JDmJdc

  3. Overview Global Issue Affects Wild and Pets Funding problems Different Paradigms

  4. Cultural Aspect • Most do not treat dogs like pets • Mass culling of stray dogs is not an effective method against spread of rabies and resort to: poisoning, electrocution, drowning, clubbing, and starvation. This actually allows new dogs to move into the area and increase the risk of being bitten by a rabies infected dog (GARC, 2013). African President Jacob Zuma says: “Black South Africans who buy a dog, take it for walks and to the veterinarian are copying the white culture. This is not to say that animals should not be loved or cared for, but we need not to elevate our love for our animals above our love for other human beings” (Conway-Smith, 2012)

  5. Cultural Aspect • Bewitchment or Demonic possession (CDC, 2013) (WHO, 2006). • Some other cultures believe that the lick from a dog is useful for wound treatment. Since saliva contains a high concentration of the rabies virus in an infected dog, this increases the chances of contracting rabies (WHO, 2013).

  6. Historical Aspect • 2300 B.C in the Babylonian cities (Baer, 1991) • It wasn't till 1271 when the first large outbreak of rabies was reported in Germany (Baer, 1991) • The rabies virus that circulates in canines has been introduced to central Africa around 200 years ago, most likely from European colonialists (Baer, 1991).

  7. Historical Aspect • 1894 First confirmed outbreak in Cape Province (Onderstepoort, 1993) • From 1901-1990, spread from Zambia, Angola, Transvaal, Mozambique, Kwazulu Natal, Lesotho, Transkei and Ciskei (Onderstepoort, 1993) • Kwazulu Natal with 473 reported cases as of 2007 (Sanette, 2011)

  8. Environment Aspect •    Africa is the second largest continent with a surface area of 30.3 million km2 and a population of 888 million people (IFAD, 2009) •  Africa’s ecosystem has been changing drastically because of the increase in populations, which increases dog populations(Bingham 2005) • Correlation between HIV/AIDS/Malaria?

  9. Economic Aspect • $4 billion is spent annually world wide on rabies • It costs approximately $1.30 per dog to vaccinate it against rabies. • Vaccinating dogs has proven to be the best strategy to reduce the incidence of human rabies cases and the most economical

  10. Political Aspect • Lack of political will is often cited as a top reason for the continued prevalence of rabies (Lembo, T. et al, 2010). • Under-reporting is a multifaceted problem. • There are vastly different political systems of varying efficiencies.

  11. Interventions: NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS -Global Alliance for Rabies Control -World Society for the Protection of Animals -Veterinarians without Borders -World Vets -The World Health Organization -Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

  12. Interventions: WHAT IS BEING DONE NOW? • In Africa, the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries • State Vet Techs • Invention of a time release vaccine • Globally, September 28th has been designated as World Rabies Day in order to bring awareness to every country.

  13. Interventions: THE POSSIBILITIES • Four main reasons as to why there is not effective rabies control in Africa: • A low priority given for disease control as a result of lack of awareness of the rabies burden; • Epidemiological constraints • Operational constraints • Limited resources for implementation of rabies surveillance and control • What to focus on to address these four concerns: • Education • Strategic vaccination plan • Set up live traps to trap both wildlife and wild dogs in order to either vaccinate them or euthanize them

  14. Design Aspect Art/Posters Literature: Their Eyes are Watching God, World War Z Music: Sunset Babies Movies: Quarantine, Cujo etc… TV Shows: King of the Hill, House etc…

  15. WOW Factor

  16. References • Baer, G. (1991). The natural history of rabies. (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, Florida : CRC Press. Retrieved from http://www.rabiesfree.org/page26.htm • Bingham, J. (2005). Canine rabies ecology in southern africa.NCBI, 11(9), 1337-1342. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310623/CDC Foundation (2013). Rabies Prevention in Developing Countries. Accessed 12 October 2013 from http://www.cdcfoundation.org/rabies • Conway-Smith, E. (2012, December 27). South Africa's Jacob Zuma says owning a dog is 'un-African'. Global Post. Retrieved 12 October 2013, from http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/africa/south-africa/121227/south-africas-jacob-zuma-says-owning-dog-un-african • IFAD. (2009). Rural poverty portal . Retrieved from http://www.ruralpovertyportal.org/region/home/tags/africa • Lembo T, Hampson K, Kaare MT, Ernest E, Knobel D, et al. (2010) The Feasibility of Canine Rabies Elimination in Africa: Dispelling Doubts with Data. PLoSNegl Trop Dis 4(2): e626. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000626 • Onderstepoort, V. R. (1993). Rabies in southern africa. PubMed, 60(4), 325-46. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7777317 • Sanette, V. (16, February 2011). Africa's canine population dynamics: a breeding ground for rabie. Retrieved from http://www.consultancyafrica.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=681:africas-canine-population-dynamics-a-breeding-ground-for-rabies-&catid=92:enviro-africa&Itemid=297 • World Health Organization (2013). Rabies: A neglected zoonotic disease. Accessed 12 October 2013 from http://www.who.int/rabies/home_more/en/index.html

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