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Chapter 10 “And Black People Were at the Heart of It”; The United States Disunites over Slavery

Chapter 10 “And Black People Were at the Heart of It”; The United States Disunites over Slavery. I. Free Labor ~ Slave Labor. Slavery in the western lands Legal or outlawed? Divided the nation Southern white people supported slavery Northern white people opposed slavery in territories

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Chapter 10 “And Black People Were at the Heart of It”; The United States Disunites over Slavery

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  1. Chapter 10 “And Black People Were at the Heart of It”; The United States Disunites over Slavery

  2. I. Free Labor ~ Slave Labor • Slavery in the western lands • Legal or outlawed? • Divided the nation • Southern white people supported slavery • Northern white people opposed slavery in territories • Racism • Competition for jobs

  3. Free Labor ~ Slave Labor (cont.) • Free labor • Slavery threatened white labor • Depressed wages for white labor • Labor: demeaned in the South • Labor: dignified in the North

  4. The Wilmot Proviso • Mexican War • Prohibited slavery in lands acquired from Mexico • Passed in House, failed in Senate • Southerners enraged • First step toward eliminating slavery

  5. Election 1848 • Zachary Taylor • Lewis Cass • Martin Van Buren • Free Soil Party, 1848 • Opposed slavery in territories • Racist • Abolitionist support

  6. California and the Compromise of 1850 • Gold discovery lured thousands • Applied for admission as a free state • Southern whites opposed • Compromise of 1850 • Henry Clay tried to give something to everyone • California free state • End slave trade in Washington • Stronger fugitive slave labor law • No restrictions on Utah and New Mexico • See Map 10-1

  7. The Compromise of 1850 (cont.) • John C. Calhoun • Daniel Webster • William Seward • President Zachary Taylor • Millard Fillmore • Stephen Douglas • Bill divided in separate parts • Won passage

  8. Fugitive Slave Laws • Fugitive slave law, 1793 • Permitted recovery of escaped slaves • Too weak to overcome northern resistance • Personal liberty laws • State officials not obligated to aid recovery • Prigg v. Pennsylvania, 1842 • Nine states passed liberty laws, 1842-1850

  9. Fugitive Slave Law, 1850 • Everyone must help capture suspects • Stiff fines or jail • Documents from home state or testimony of witnesses to claim runaway • Commissioners • Received $5 when declared captive free • Received $10 for captives returned to bondage • Claimed extra paper work • 332 returned to slavery and 11 released • See VOICES

  10. II. Fugitive Slaves • William and Ellen Craft • Shadrach • The Battle of Christiana • Government attempts failed to prosecute those who fought officials or aided the runaways

  11. Anthony Burns • Escaped from a Virginia slave owner in 1854 • Arrested in Boston • Placed under heavy guard • Failed breakout • U.S. troops sent to Boston • Authorities refuse offers to buy Burns’ freedom • Thousands watched as Burns marched to waiting ship • Reaction • Garrison burned a copy of Constitution on July 4th • Compromise Whigs emerge as abolitionists • No Boston jury would convict

  12. Margaret Garner • Escaped to Cincinnati in 1856 with others slaves • Before arrested, she slits her daughter’s throat • Garner was disarmed before killing her two sons • Basis of Tony Morrison’s novel Beloved

  13. III. The Rochester Convention • African Americans, 1853 • Called for greater unity among black people • Sought ways to improve their economic prospects • Asserted claims to citizenship • Equal protection • Frederick Douglass • Called for vocational training

  14. IV. Nativism and the Know-Nothings • Rising anti-immigrant feeling • Roman Catholic Irish and German • Alarmed native-born white Protestants • Fears of Catholic conspiracy • Added to political turmoil • Attacks on Catholic churches and convents • Know-Nothings • Some political success

  15. V. Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Harriet Beecher Stowe • Sold 300,000 copies in a year • Made brutality of slavery personal • Infuriated southerners • False depiction of their way of life • Stowe had never visited the Deep South

  16. VI. The Kansas-Nebraska Act • Stephen Douglas, 1854 • Transcontinental railroad • Divided territory • Popular Sovereignty • Repeal of Missouri Compromise • Won southern support

  17. The Kansas-Nebraska Act (cont.) • Destroyed Whig party • Divided North and South • Anti-Nebraska parties form • Violence erupted in Kansas and Congress • “Bleeding Kansas” • Brooks and Sumner

  18. VII. Preston Brooks and Charles Summer • Charles Sumner • “Crime Against Kansas” • Preston Brooks • Defends southern honor

  19. VIII. The Dred Scott Decision • Questions for the court • Could a black man sue in federal court? • Did taking a slave to a state or territory where bondage was prohibited free the slave? • Roger Taney • Blacks not citizens. • No rights the white man bound to respect. • Missouri Compromise unconstitutional

  20. Scott Decision: Reaction • Divided country • Republicans horrified • Meetings and rallies • Frederick Douglass • Decision would help destroy slavery

  21. IX. White Northerners - Black Americans • Racism • Most white northerners remain • Indifferent, fearful, hostile toward people of color • Ohio, Illinois, Indiana white people • Supported Fugitive Slave Law • Opposed slavery expansion • Free blacks in northern states • Indiana, Iowa banned blacks, free or slaves, 1851 • Illinois, 1853

  22. X. The Lincoln-Douglas Debates • Stephen Douglas • Freeport Doctrine • Dred Scott • Popular Sovereignty • People could still decide • Positive law needed to protect slavery

  23. XI. Abraham Lincoln and Black People • Lincoln did not believe in racial equality • Believed in the right to be paid for labor

  24. XII. John Brown: Raid on Harpers Ferry • John Brown • Staunchly religious • Attract and arm slaves • Incite insurrection and end slavery • Financial support • Secret Six • October 16th, 1859 raid begins • Utter failure • U.S. Marines wounded and captured Brown

  25. Raid and Reaction • Increased tensions, North and South • Southerners traumatized and terrified • Northern approbation enraged southerners • Justified long-held beliefs about northern agitation • Execution • Brown becomes a northern hero • Moved South closer to secession and end to slavery

  26. XIII. The Election of Abraham Lincoln • Four candidates, 1860 election • John Bell • John C. Breckenridge • Stephen Douglas • Abraham Lincoln • Democratic Party split ensured Lincoln’s victory • Not on ballot in most southern states • Abolitionists feared Lincoln too tolerant of slavery

  27. XIV. Disunion • South Carolina secedes December 20th, 1860 • By February, seven Deep South states seceded • Lincoln tried to calm southern fears • “Only” dispute was over the expansion of slavery • Promised to enforce the Constitution • Not interfere with slavery where it existed • Not tolerate secession

  28. XV. Conclusion • Slavery • Minor and major events between 1846-1861 • Involved black people and the expansion of slavery • Increasingly polarized Americans • No secession and no Civil War • Without the agitation over slavery in the territories

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