化約論極致發展的危機

1. 化約論極致發展的危機

3. diagram showing the seven "characters" observed by Mendel

4. 1920s view of garden used by Mendel

5. Friars of Augustian Abbey in Old Brno - Mendel standing fourth from righ

6. 由孟德爾到DNA的化約之路 • 孟德爾的碗豆特性遺傳研究 • 摩根(T.H. Morgan)的果蠅染色體研究 • 艾弗利(O.T.Avery)的細菌遺傳轉化研究 • 德布呂克(Max Delbrück )的噬菌體增殖研究 • DNA 雙螺旋模型的建立

8. J. D. WATSON, F. H. C. CRICK Nature 171, 737-738 (25 April 1953) doi:10.1038/171737a0 Article

9. J. D. WATSON, F. H. C. CRICK Nature 171, 737-738 (25 April 1953) doi:10.1038/171737a0 Article

10. Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid • It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material'， J. D. WATSON, F. H. C. CRICK Nature 171, 737-738 (25 April 1953) doi:10.1038/171737a0 Article

11. Nature16 April 2009 John Maddox 1925-2009In memory of a transformative editor of Nature • It was with great sadness that I and my colleagues at Nature learned of the death on Sunday of Sir John Maddox — or 'JM', as hiscolleagues always referred to him. • ……….. • …………….. • It was during his first stint that he laid the foundations for Nature as it is today. Importantly (JM liked to start sentences with adverbs), he threw aside the highly informal and somewhat crony-based system for selecting papers and established a system of peer review. A charac­teristically readable account of this can be found in his valedictory Essay in his last issue (see Nature 378, 521–523; 1995). • This move was not without his own reservations — he liked to say that the 1953 paper on the structure of DNA would never have passed peer review. He never lost his distrust of such refereeing as an obstacle to the truly original, and occasionally dispensed with it altogether during his first stint as editor. Philip Campbell Nature News 458, 807-807 (14 April 2009) doi:10.1038/458807a News

12. Chromatin_chromosome.png: Magnus Manske derivative work: NEUROtiker Original uploader was 3dscience at en.wikipedia

13. 本作品由時報出版社授權本課程『科學在文化中的定位與挑戰』使用，本資料庫無再授權他人使用之權利，如需利用本作品，請另行向權利人取得授權本作品由時報出版社授權本課程『科學在文化中的定位與挑戰』使用，本資料庫無再授權他人使用之權利，如需利用本作品，請另行向權利人取得授權

14. Steve Jurvetson from Menlo Park, USA

15. Rosalind Franklin 1920-1958

16. 本作品由天下出版社授權本課程『科學在文化中的定位與挑戰』使用，本資料庫無再授權他人使用之權利，如需利用本作品，請另行向權利人取得授權本作品由天下出版社授權本課程『科學在文化中的定位與挑戰』使用，本資料庫無再授權他人使用之權利，如需利用本作品，請另行向權利人取得授權

17. Rosalind Elsie Franklin(July 25, 1920-April 16, 1958)

18. London's Natural History Museum photo by Mo at Neurophilosophy Rosalind Franklin's X-ray diffraction photograph of DNA, 1953 http://scienceblogs.com/bioephemera/2008/04/juxtaposition_5.php

19. 生物基因的化約思維 由胚胎細胞複製的 Megan Morag(1995) 由成熟細胞複製的桃莉

20. Flicker: Top Koaysomboon

21. http://www.roslin.ed.ac.uk/

22. Flicker:Bert K Flicker: Flicker:timo_w2s

23. Flicker:Bert K

24. Flicker:CaptPiper

25. IAN WILMUT

26. Nuclear transferRoslin Institute

27. The pioneer of The Nuclear Transfer Hans Spemann (1869-1941). Courtesy ofthe Max Planck Society Friedrich Miescher Laboratory.

28. Rubenstein John Gurdon (1933-)

29. 生物基因的化約思維 桃莉羊的故事 由胚胎細胞複製的 Megan Morag(1995)

30. Megan and MoragRoslin Institute

32. 複製羊Dolly的技術流程

33. 生物基因的化約思維 桃莉羊的故事 由胚胎細胞複製的 Megan Morag(1995) 由成熟細胞複製的桃莉 桃莉出生(1996,7,5) 桃莉問世(1997,2,22) 桃莉死亡(2003,2,14)

35. 生物基因的化約思維 桃莉羊的故事 由胚胎細胞複製的 Megan Morag(1995) 由成熟細胞複製的桃莉 桃莉出生(1996,7,5) 桃莉問世(1997,2,22) 桃莉死亡(2003,2,14)

36. Dolly Roslin Institute

40. 生物基因的化約思維 桃莉羊的故事 由胚胎細胞複製的 Megan Morag(1995) 由成熟細胞複製的桃莉 桃莉出生(1996,7,5) 桃莉問世(1997,2,22) 桃莉死亡(2003,2,14)

41.  Dolly with her lambs Roslin Institute

42. Dolly the sheep 1996 - 2003

43. 生物基因的化約思維 桃莉羊的故事 由胚胎細胞複製的 Megan Morag(1995) 由成熟細胞複製的桃莉 桃莉出生(1996,7,5) 桃莉問世(1997,2,22) 桃莉死亡(2003,2,14)

44. The Second Creation: Dolly and the Age of Biological Control

45. Dolly and human cloning

46. First cloned human due 2002 ? Dolly and human cloning

47. The first human clone: The team from Advanced Cell Technology. Massachusetts hope that one day stem cells cloned from a patient’s cells could be used to treat their illnesses. Proud American geneticists have announced the world’s first cloned human embryo. By coaxing egg cells to divide without adding sperm, they created all- female embryos. But all six eggs that divided into cloned embryos died after a few days. The scientists claim they are aiming to create disease-busting stem cell, not a cloned baby. 27 November 2001

48. First human clone – or is it? 2003 started with a baby boom and claims that a handful of New Year newborns are the first human clones. Scientists are skeptical, saying the wannabe cloners have made it look too easy. Cloning has a poor track record. Of the ten types of animal they’ve tried to clone so far, only six have produced live young using the technique that created Dolly the sheep. 16 January 2003

49. How would you check a suspected clone’s credentials? DNA represents the blueprint of the human genetic makeup. It exists in virtually every cell of the human body and differs in its sequence of nucleotides (molecules that make up DNA, also abbreviated by letters, A, T, G, C). The two major uses for the information provided by DNA-fingerprinting analysis are for personal identification and for the determination of paternity. The complete DNA of each individual is unique, with the exception of identical twins. A DNA fingerprint, therefore, is a DNA pattern that has a unique sequence such that it can be distinguished from the DNA patterns of other individuals. DNA fingerprinting is also called DNA typing. The human genome is made up of 3 billion nucleotides, which are 99.9% identical from one person to the next. The 0.1% variation, therefore, can be used to distinguish one individual from another. It is this difference that can be used by forensic scientists to match specimens of blood , tissue, or hair follicles to an individual with a high level of certainty. By Peter Artymiuk by-nc-nd 2.0 UK: England & Wales "DNA Fingerprint." World of Forensic Science. 2005. Retrieved January 19, 2011 from Encyclopedia.com:

50. How would a clone compare with its DNA donor on looks and personality ?