Virsuses: Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome & Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

1. Virsuses:Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome& Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

2. Outlinewe may need to save some topic in lecture • Origins of HIV based on scientific evidence • HIV viral particle • Mechanism of infection • Transmission • Treatment • AIDS • Prevention • Clinical Detection and Diagnosis

4. Red capped mangabey monkey Greater spot nose monkey SIV cpz almost identical to HIV 1 Humans

5. Pan troglodytes troglodytes Simian Virus (SIV cpz) almost identical to HIV 1

6. Sooty mangabey monkey Simian Virus corresponds to HIV2

7. HIV: Structure and mechanism of replication

8. HIV

9. HIV-1 PARTICLE

10. The key HIV genes

11. Mechanism of Infection Infects Th cell VIRAL RNA Integrates into host DNA “activated” PROVIRAL DNA LYTIC STAGE storage LYSOGENIC STAGE

12. RETROVIRAL REPLICATION

13. HIV animations http://www.hivinfosource.org/hivis/hivbasics/animations/index.html http://search.live.com/video/results.aspx?q=HIV+animation&docid=1601834254601#docid=1601834254601 http://search.live.com/video/results.aspx?q=HIV+animation&docid=1601834254601#docid=1669495456158

14. T lymphocyte in green and HIV in red

15. HIV and helper T cells HIV-1 HOST CELLS:helper T lymphocyte, macrophages

16. LYTIC STAGE

18. Transmission of HIV

19. Transmission of HIV • Biological fluids • Blood • Sexual transmission (Semen) • Breast milk • Transplant tissues

20. Non-transmitting sources of HIV • Tears • Saliva • Mosquito or insects • Swimming pool • Food handling

22. Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART)Cocktail Therapy

23. Examples of anti-retroviral drugs • Cocktail Drug Mixtures • Protease inhibitors • Non-nucleoside RT Inhibitors (NNRTIs) • Nuleoside/nucleotide RT inhibitors (NRTIs) • * Fusion Inhibitors *Fuzeon • Integrase Inhibitors

24. Fusion Inhibitors block • Co-receptors on host cell • Gp120/gp 41 on viral particle or

25. Co-Receptors Binds naturally occurring chemokines CCR5 or CXCR4 (fusin)

26. Prevention • Condoms • Clean needles • Treatment of pregnant mother with anti-viral drugs • Blood screening • Abstinence

27. Acquired Immunodeficiency Disease

28. Symptoms of AIDS • Decrease T cell count • Rapid weight loss • Recurring fever and dry cough • Profound fatigue • Swollen lymph glands

29. Symptoms of AIDS • Persistent diarrhea • Unusual blemishes on the tongue, mouth, or throat • pneumonia • memory loss, depression

30. Acquired Immunodeficiency SyndromeOpportunistic Diseases and cancer • pneumonia • Kaposi’s Sarcoma Kaposi’s Sarcoma

31. HIV Diagnostic Tests • ELISA measures Indirect evidence of HIV exposure

32. HIV Diagnostic Tests • Western Blot • PCR Directly measures HIV

33. Polymerase Chain Reaction • Measures proviral DNA within the host DNA

34. Western Blot Identifies HIV proteins Protein ladder

35. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) • A diagnostic test for Antibodies to HIV Antibodies

36. Antibodies are proteins produced by our immune system that are directed against specific antigens.

37. Antibodies Antigens Immune system Non-self

38. Now apply these concepts to the diagnostic test known as ELISA to detect antibodies against HIV from a biologic fluid.

39. Do any of these individuals carry antibodies to HIV?

40. ELISA MICROTITER PLATES Microtiter plate

42. The ELISA protocol sample Labelled 2nd Ab antigen 3 2 1 4 Color inducing substrate

43. Results POSITIVE ANTI-HIV COLOR CHANGE NEGATIVE ANTI-HIV NO COLOR CHANGE

46. FDA Approves Saliva OraQuick Rapid Test for HIV-1, HIV-2 Antibodies[March 29, 2004] (similar test is also available for blood samples, see next slides).

47. 1 2 OraQuick Rapid Anti-HIV Blood Test 20 minute test Cost app. $15.00 3

48. Onto the ELISA lab

49. For Your Information and Files

50. Normal CD4+ count Normal CD4+ (%) AIDS 500-1600/mm3 20-40% <350/mm3 begin anti-viral treatment <14% serious immune damage Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome