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Portal-Based System for Quality Assurance in Radiotherapy Treatment Plans Using HPC Clusters

This paper presents a portal-based system designed to enhance the quality assurance of radiotherapy treatment plans utilizing grid-enabled high-performance computing (HPC) clusters. The computational demands of Monte Carlo (MC) codes for accurate absorbed dose calculations are addressed, as desktop machines lack the required power. We investigate two MC codes—MCNPX, a parallel code for comprehensive particle tracking, and PENELOPE, a serial general-purpose code for electron-photon transport. Our aim is to facilitate user-friendly access to HPC systems, thereby improving the efficiency of treatment plan simulations.

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Portal-Based System for Quality Assurance in Radiotherapy Treatment Plans Using HPC Clusters

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  1. A portal-based system for quality assurance of radiotherapy treatment plans using Grid-enabled High Performance Computing clusters Ian C. Smith1 CR Baker2, V Panettieri3, C Addison1, AE Nahum3 1 Computing Services Dept, University of Liverpool; 2 Directorate of Medical Imaging and Radiotherapy, University of Liverpool; 3 Physics Department, Clatterbridge Centre for Oncology

  2. Rationale • MC codes can provide accurate absorbed dose calculations but are computationally demanding • Desktop machines not powerful enough, need parallel hardware e.g. High Performance Computing (HPC) clusters • Aim to exploit local and centrally funded HPC systems in a user-friendly manner • Two MC codes have been investigated to date: • MCNPX (beta v2.7a) • Parallel (MPI-based) code • General purpose transport code, tracks nearly all particles at nearly all energies (https://mcnpx.lanl.gov/). • PENELOPE • serial implementation • general purpose MC code implemented as a set of FORTRAN routines • coupled electron-photon transport from 50 eV to 1 GeV in arbitrary materials and complex geometries[1]. [1] Salvat F, Fernández-Varea JM, Sempau J. PENELOPE, a code system for Monte Carlo simulation of electron and photon transport. France: OECD Nuclear Energy Agency, Issy-les-Moulineaux; 2008. ISBN 9264023011. Available in pdf format at: http://www.nea.fr.

  3. Grid Computing Server / UL-GRID Portal

  4. Grid Computing Server / UL-GRID software stack

  5. MCNPX Job Submission

  6. PENELOPE Job Submission

  7. PENELOPE (serial code) workflows create random seeds for N input files using clonEasy[1] create random seeds for N input files using clonEasy[1] • Rereasdasdas repeat for other patients stage-in phase-space file (only if necessary) compute individual phase-space file compute partial treatment simulation results combine N individual phase-space files combine partial treatment simulation results using clonEasy[1] phase-space file calculation patient treatment simulation HPC cluster Portal [1] Badal A and Sempau J 2006 A package of Linux scripts for the parallelization of Monte Carlo simulations Comput.Phys. Commun. 175 440–50

  8. External beam photon treatment modelled using PENELOPE Three 6 MV beams Resolution: 256 x 256 ( x 51 CT slices) Final average dose uncertainty 2% (2σ)

  9. MCNPX: Proton beam modelling Clatterbridge proton facility Protons transported through the beam-line (scattering system, range-shifters, modulators and collimators). ~2m Incident spectrum fitted to measured Bragg peak Generic phase-space file generated at the position of the modulator and subsequently transported through patient-specific range-shifter and modulator Baker, Quine, Brunt and Kacperek (2009) Applied Radiation and Isotopes 67; 3:402

  10. Proton absorbed dose in water 2.5cm diameter beam, full energy (~60 MeV at patient, ~3.2 cm range in water) 500 million histories 0.5x0.5x5 mm voxels 50keV proton cut-off <1% statistical uncertainty in absorbed dose in high dose region (1s) Bragg peak Half-modulation

  11. Timing Results • PENELOPE (Serial) • Phase-space file calculation • 4 days per beam on 7 cores • 700 x 106 particles per file • Patient calculation • 1 simulation required 4 days on 1 core • 1 simulation on 32 cores should only require 3 hours • MCNPX (Parallel under MPI) • 500 million histories over 32 cores, < 4 hours, without variance reduction applied.

  12. Future Directions • Expand portal interface to include submission of job workflows • Provide support for BEAM[1] and DOSxyz[3] (based on the EGSnrc MC code [2]) • Possible use of Windows Condor Pool to create PSFs for PENELOPE References: [1] 23D. W. Rogers, B. Faddegon, G. X. Ding, C. M. Ma, J. Wei, and T. Mackie, “BEAM: A Monte Carlo code to simulate radiotherapy treatment units,” Med. Phys. 22, 503–524 _1995_. [2] Kawrakow and D. W. O. Rogers. The EGSnrc Code System: Monte Carlo simulation of electron and photon transport. Technical Report PIRS-701 (4th printing), National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada, 2003. [3] Walters B, Kawrakow I and Rogers D W O 2007 DOSXYZnrc Users Manual Report PIRS 794 (Ottawa: National Research Council of Canada)

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