Chelicerates

1. Chelicerates

2. Chelicerates Tyler Hooper

3. Chelicerates General A branch of the Arthropod Phylum Consists of spiders, scorpions, mites, and ticks. Almost all live on land (horseshoe crabs are an example of a species that doesn’t) Approximately 75,000 known species Size can range from 1/10 mm to 60 cm Contains species that help control pest populations

4. Body Characteristics Segmented Body Jointed limbs Exoskeleton – external skeleton 8 legs Reproduce sexually Produce eggs Bilaterally symmetrical, like all arthropods

5. Symbiotic Relationship Fossils have been found that suggest that ancient chelicerae had formed symbiotic relationships with certain types of barnacles. Many animals in this group don’t have symbiotic relationships.

6. Diagrams These will be on notes sheet.

7. Insects

8. Insect General Information contributed by Brandon and Walker.

9. Characteristics of Insects • Animals of the class Insecta • Small, air breathing arthropods • Some eat other insects, most eat leaves, plants, or grass

10. Insect Body Plan Exoskeleton – external skeleton 3 body divisions – head, thorax, and abdomen 1 pair of antennae Some have wings Open circulatory system Bilateral body symmetry

11. Ladybugs Brandon Fulton

12. Ladybug Life Cycle • Four stages in its life, can be up to 6 generations of ladybugs born in a year • Egg – Usually football shaped and laid on leaves • Larva – hatches in 2-6 days and then feeds on aphids. This stage usually lasts 3 weeks.

13. Ladybug Life Cycle Continued • Pupa – attaches to tree, looks like it’s sleeping. Metamorphosis starts. • Adult – Metamorphosis completes and the lady bug doesn’t get its spots until 24 hours later.

14. Ladybugs- *Respiratory system- They breathe air through tiny openings called spiracles, found along the sides of their abdomen and thorax. *Excretory system- one-way digestive track. through the mouth and out the anus. *Circulatory system- They have an open circulatory system, no arteries or veins. Their blood flows freely throughout the body bathing all the organs in nutrients and hormones. *Symmetry- Bilateral symmetry, both sides look the same. *Vision- Recent technological advances show that ladybugs have two compound eyes. The eyes are multi-faceted. They don't see colors, only shadows.

15. Symbiotic Relationships Ladybugs often have a symbiotic relationship with plants – ladybugs eat aphids off the plants, feeding the ladybug and protecting the plant. - Mutualism

16. Diagrams Chrysalis These will be available on notes sheet.

17. Butterflies Brandon Fulton

18. Butterfly Life Cycle • Four stages in its life • Egg – small round or oval shape that you can see the caterpillar growing inside. Usually laid on leaves • Larvae – caterpillar stage, must eat as much as possible to grow and stay alive. The caterpillar can grow 110 times larger than its original size.

19. Butterfly Life Cycle Continued • Pupa - The caterpillar then forms itself into a pupa or a chrysalis. Metamorphosis, where the butterfly changes tissue, limbs, and organs, then begins. • Adult – an adult butterfly emerges from the chrysalis and rests. Once the butterfly is awake again, it pumps blood through its wings to “activate” them, and goes on to live for up to a year depending on the species

20. Butterflies- *Respiratory system-Organs for breathing are located in the abdomen. This is also where butterflies take in oxygen. *Excretory system- Malpighian tubules, long filaments which clean the blood and put the waste into the hindgut *Circulatory system- The open circulatory allows the internal organs of a butterfly are bathed in blood – called hemolymph – that circulates within the entire body cavity. *Nervous system- Nerve cells are grouped in clusters called ganglia. One of these, in the head, is usually called the brain. *Symmetry- Bilateral symmetry *Vision- UV (ultraviolet) light comes from Sun. It causes sunburns in man. But the butterfly uses it for its vision and navigation

21. Symbiotic Relationships Butterflies can get food from flowers while helping spread the flower’s pollen (that managed to stick to the butterfly) - Mutualism

22. Diagram This will be available on notes sheet.

23. Chinch Bugs Walker Cheevers

24. General Cinch Bug Characteristics • More commonly known as “bed bugs” • Feeds on the sap of grass • Inserts its straw-like mouth into plant tissue to suck out juices and nutrients, then releases chemicals to clog the plant’s vascular system • The feeding process results in yellow patches in the plant affected that is often undesirable visually.

25. Body Plan Bilaterally symmetrical, like all insects Commonly 1/8 inches to 1/5 inches long in adult form Have wings and the ability to fly

26. Life Cycle Spend winters where they are protected (under shrubs or around the foundation of houses) Females begin to lay 15-20 eggs (when a male is available for mating) a day for 2-3 weeks once the weather warms The nymphs, or baby Chinch’s hatch in a couple weeks and reach adult hood in 60 days. 3 life stages: egg, nymph, adult

27. Reproduction Sexual reproduction. Male and female must be present for reproduction to take place. Eggs are laid in clusters around host plant’s stem. Females lay several hundred eggs a year. They are not consistent laying eggs from year to year.

28. Symbiotic Relationships Chinch bugs feed off of grass in a way that benefits the chinch bug and harms the grass – Parasitism There are no advantages of Chinch Bugs. When I searched for some advantages, I only got results on how to kill them. So Chinch Bugs are true pests.

29. Management No natural enemies can reliably reduce or control the Chinch Bug population. Crop dusters release chemicals onto crops that kill bugs, but it can never get each little chinch bug. Dust barriers – deep furrows filled with fine dust – were constructed along crop margins to trap migrating bugs. Once the bugs were trapped, farmers would burn the section of crops the Chinch bugs were trapped on.

30. Diagrams These will be on the notes sheet.

31. Random Facts In 1873, Chinch Bug populations in the Mississippi Valley were an estimated 44 billion bugs per square mile.

32. Echinoderms Meaning “spiny skin”

33. Life Cycle A fertilized egg of an Echinoderm becomes a bilaterally symmetrical embryo with a coelblastula developing first. Gastrulation (forming of 3 germ layers) marks the opening of the "second mouth“ (deutersome), and the mesoderm moves inward to become the skeleton. The coelom, or secondary body cavity, forms from partitioning 3 different body cavities.

34. Characteristics All (approx.) 6,000 species live underwater All have an endoskeleton covered in spines and skin

35. Digestive System Most Echinoderms have a very simple digestive system consisting of a mouth (usually on the bottom of the creature), a stomach, intestines, and an anus where waste is released.

36. Respiratory System Echinoderms don’t have a complex or advanced respiratory system Echinoderms use gills and tube feet to take in oxygen to their bodies and to release carbon dioxide.

37. Excretory System Echinoderms lack kidneys and other complex excretory organs, and use diffusion to rid themselves of nitrogenous waste, which is mostly ammonia.

38. Sea Urchins Tanner Wilson

39. Reproduction in Sea Urchins Sea Urchins reproduce sexually in a process where a male releases sperm into the surrounding water while one or more females release eggs in the same area. Many females will attempt to “mate” with a single male at once to increase the chance that another sea urchin (or many) can be produced. Sea urchins, like all echinoderms, can reproduce through fragmentation – the splitting of the body followed by large enough parts growing into full creatures again Most echinoderms are sexually mature in 2 – 3 years.

40. Sea Urchin Body Characteristics Have 100s of tube-shaped feet Have 5 teeth in the middle of their backside Early larvae display bilateral symmetry, although a mature sea urchin displays radial symmetry A vascular system (functioning similar to hydraulics) of water and a hemal system containing blood

41. Vascular System Like all echinoderms, the vascular system of Sea Urchins is driven by water filled canals. Gas exchange, nutrient obtaining, and all circulatory system functions are done through water flow inside and outside the animal.

42. Nervous System Sensitive to light, touch, and chemical introduction. No “true” brain Contains a large ring of nerves encircling the mouth that branches off at many points throughout the body.

43. Food Supply A sea urchin feeding on seaweed. • Sea Urchins can / will feed on: • Seaweed • Bits of plant matter or small animals • Some Echinoderms can also filter feed

44. Symbiotic Relationships Certain species of goby hide between the toxic spines of sea urchins for protection while not affecting the sea urchin - Commensalism

46. Sand Dollars Tanner Wilson

47. Reproduction Reproduction in sand dollars is similar to that of Sea Urchins in that a male releases sperm and a female releases eggs into open water If an egg and sperm meet, a new sand dollar will be produced

48. Sand Dollar Body Characteristics Mouth on the bottom of their body Display radial symmetry Possess a rigid skeleton known as a test Has a petal-like pattern consisting of five paired rows of pores, or perforations in the endoskeleton, through which podia are projected from Podia help the sand dollar perform gas exchange Vascular system like that of a sea urchin

49. Symbiotic Relationships Sand dollars don’t seem to participate in any symbiotic relationships