Elements of Music (Continued)

1. Elements of Music (Continued) Melody

2. Melody • (General) the horizontal aspect of music; pitches heard one after another • (Specific) a series of single tones that add up to a recognizable whole

3. Melody Characteristics • Direction • Curve, Line • Shape • Beginning, Middle, End • Continuity • How one pitch leads to another • Setting up expectations and fulfilling them

4. 5 3 1 3 5 1 Oh, say can you see, 3 2 1 3 4 5 By the dawn’s ear-ly light

5. 5 5 3 2 1 7 What so proud-ly we hailed 6 7 1 1 5 3 1 At the twilight’s last gleam-ing

6. 1 2 3 1 1 2 3 1 Are you sleep-ing? Are you sleep-ing? 3 4 5 3 4 5 Bro-ther John? Bro-ther John? 5 6 5 4 3 1 5 6 5 4 3 1 Morn-ing bells are ring-ing. Morn-ing bells are ring-ing. 1 5 1 1 5 1 Ding, dong, ding. Ding, dong ding.

7. MOTIVE • A fragment of a melody, or short musical idea that is developed within a composition • A group of notes recognizable for its pitch and rhythmic formulation • Can be repeated in a number of ways and contexts

8. PHRASE • Part of a melody • A combination of motives forming a longer connected unit • Finished by a musical punctuation called a CADENCE

9. CADENCE • Resting place at the end of a phrase in a melody • Musical “punctuation mark” • From Latin cadare meaning “to fall” • 2 types • INCOMPLETE or OPEN • Does not sound like you can end the piece here • Gives expectation of continuing (Usually SD 5) • COMPLETE or CLOSED • Does sound like you can end piece here • Feels complete (Usually SD 1)

10. JOSEPH HAYDN Symphony No. 94 in G Major (the “Surprise”), Movement 2 motive X 1 1 3 3 5 5 3 4 4 2 2 7 7 5 1 1 3 3 5 5 3 1 1 4 4 5 5 Y X Z .

11. CADENCE PHRASE Motive X Y X Z

12. MELODY • A succession of phrases making a whole span of music

13. PARAGRAPH = SENTENCE = WORD = Melody Phrase Motive Punctuation Mark Cadence

14. LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN Symphony No. 5 in C Major, Movement 1 5 5 5 3 4 4 4 2 5 5 5 3 6 6 6 5 3 3 3 1… motive X Beginning of Melody One X’ repeated and transposed down X X’’ contracted and transposed X’ repeated and transposed up .

15. LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN Symphony No. 5 in C Major, Movement 1 1712776 5 5 5 1 1712776 5 5 5 1 New motive Z Beginning of Melody Two X’ from melody one Inverted in shape New Motive Z repeated X’ from melody one Inverted in shape .

16. LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVENSymphony No. 5 in C Major, Movement 1 • Motive “x” - the motive Beethoven called “fate knocking at the door” is constantly present in the whole movement • This motive appears in other 3 movements of symphony also • This motive IS the MAIN IDEA of work

17. THEME • Main idea of a composition • Main idea that serves as a starting point for an extended piece of music • Something that unites and marks a piece • Can be a motive • Can be a melody • Can be other musical elements • Dynamics • Timbre, etc.

18. ANTON WEBERNThird piece from Five Pieces for Orchestra • What is theme? • What is main idea? • Is it a motive or melody? • What seems to be the focus or main idea of this composition?

19. Melodic Articulations • STACCATO • short, detached, sharp-sounding • Example: JOSEPH HAYDN Movement 2 from “Surprise” Symphony No. 94 in G Major • LEGATO • smooth • Example: J.S. BACH “Wachet Auf” Chorale from Cantata #140

20. CLIMAX • Highest pitch or emotional focus point in a melody or a larger musical work

21. J.S. BACH Cantata No. 140 “Wachet auf” (Awake), Movement 7 Phrase 1, 2 & 3 1 3 5 5 5 5 65 5 1 5 1232 1 7 6 5 5 1 5 6 3 4 3 2 1 .

22. J.S. BACH Cantata No. 140 “Wachet auf” (Awake), Movement 7 5 5 4 3 2 1 5 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 43 5 6 71 5 1 5 6 3 4 3 2 1 Phrases 4, 5, 6, 7 & 8 .

23. Elements of Music (continued) Harmony

24. Harmony • (General) Results when different pitches are sounded at the same time • (Specific) How chords are constructed and how they follow each other

25. Harmony Terms • INTERVAL • “Distance” in pitch between any 2 tones • Can also refer to 2 pitches sounded simultaneously • CHORD • Combination of 3 or more pitches sounded at once

26. Main Concepts of HARMONYthese are CULTURALLY DETERMINED • CONSONANCE (n.), CONSONANT (adj.) • Intervals or chords that sound: • pleasant • relatively stable • free of tension • DISSONANCE (n.), DISSONANT (adj.) • Intervals or chords that sound: • unpleasant • relatively unstable • full of tension

27. CONSONANCE (1) JOSEPH HAYDN Movement 2 from “Surprise” Symphony No. 94 in G Major (2) J.S. BACH Chorale from Cantata #140 “Wachet Auf” DISSONANCE (1) ARNOLD SCHOENBERG “Mondestrunken” (Moondrunk) from Pierrot Lunaire (2) ANTON WEBERN Third piece from Five Pieces for Orchestra Examples

28. CHROMATICISM • Using pitches that are “in-between” the regular notes of the scale • Leads to greater amount of DISSONANCE in harmony #1 #2 #4 #5 #6 b2 b3 b5 b6 b7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1

29. CHROMATICISM • Use of chords containing tones not found in the prevailing major or minor scale but included in the chormatic scale (which has twelve tones); often found in Romantic music • Example: FREDERIC CHOPIN Nocturne in Eb Major

30. TRIAD • Main type of chord used in classical music • Often called “the common chord” • Constructed of 3 notes each 1 step apart on scale 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1

31. MAJOR TRIAD • Triad with the interval pattern that is formed by notes 1,3, & 5 of a MAJOR SCALE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1

32. MINOR TRIAD • Triad with the interval pattern that is formed by notes 1,3, & 5 of a MINOR SCALE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1

33. MAJOR KEY music based on major scale MINOR KEY music based on minor scale KEY (tonality) - central note, scale, and chord within a piece, in relationship to which all other tones in the composition are heard