Exploring Jefferson's Era: From Limited Government to the War of 1812

1. Essential Questions • What are the key issues of Jefferson’s administration? • Why the exceptions to “limited and negative” government? • What’s the significance of Marbury v Madison? • What are the factors that led to the War of 1812? • What is the significance of the war? • What are examples of states rights?

2. Characteristics of the Period • Social leveling – egalitarian ideas – but not for slaves • Petitions for emancipation • Haiti & L’Ouverture – American fears • Gabriel Prosser’s Rebellion- new codes increased control • Economics • Carrying trade & early textiles –NE • Agriculture – S and W • Expansion west – opportunity • Indians – more clashes; choices – move, assimilate, fight for land • Increased regionalism

3. Jefferson’s Goals – “negative and limited government” • Limited government – cut size of bureaucracy • Frugal government – cut spending & deficits; decrease size of army & navy • Strict construction

4. Jefferson • President and party leader – co-opts the Federalist and increases DR • Development of one party – National Republicans – problems with factions • Accomplished most goals • Problem = neutral rights

5. Election of 1808

6. Exceptions to “negative and Limited” government –WHY? • BUS – Gallatin • Federally funded internal improvements (FFII) – National Road • Barbary Pirates – undeclared war; goes around Congress (argh!) • Louisiana Purchase 1803 • Trade Embargo 1807

7. National Road

8. Barbary Pirates

9. Decatur & the Barbary Pirates

10. Louisiana Purchase 1803 • Mississippi River & New Orleans critical to western expansion • French threat - US options purchase NO or treaty w/BR • Napoleon offers for $15 million – purchase – but issue = constitutionality • Federalist concerns • TJ justification • Lewis and Clark – scientific, cultural and CIA mission • LA Gov’t Act – exception to democracy

11. Louisiana Purchase 1803

12. War on the Judiciary • Judiciary Act of 1801 • Expands # of judges – appoints Federalists • “midnight judges” – keep control of J • Marshall = chief • Impeachment – Chase & Pickering • Failure sg for independent judiciary

13. John Marshall 1801-1835

14. Marshall’s goals • Increase the power of the judiciary – check and balance • Increase/maintain the power of the federal government • Create climate for economic stability and growth (market economy; Hamiltonian ideas)

16. Marbury v Madison 1803 • Issue – commissions not given • Writ of Mandamus • Marshall court rules this part of Judiciary Act 1789 unconstitutional • Established the principle of judicial review of Supreme Court over acts of Congress • Protects the power of the court

17. Internal Divisions • Tertium Quids – faction with in National Republican – old values • Yazoo Land Claims • Fletcher v Peck 1810 • Slave trade issues • Who gets confiscated slaves • Outlawed 1808 ----but

18. States Rights and Separation - Burr • Essex Junto 1804 • Northern Confederacy –NE/NY • Hamilton foils • The Duel • Western Conspiracy 1807 • Empire in west, take out of union and conquer Mexico • Treason trial –overt actions

19. The Duel

20. Foreign Policy: Western Expansion Goal • Increased pressure on Ohio – white and Indian –competition • Harrison –Jeffersonian policies • Tecumseh, The Prophet (Tenskwatawa) -- choices • Environmental/ecological impact • Br role • Frontier culture – Second Great Awakening

21. Second Great Awakening

22. Tecumseh & the Prophet

23. Foreign Policy Goal: National Security and Neutral Rights • Issue – BOP Europe -Napoleonic Wars • BR -------USA--------FR • US caught between conflicting policies –no respect of neutral rights - impressment • Orders in Council v Continental System Essex decision-----Milan/Berlin Decrees

24. Napoleonic Wars and Neutral Rights • 1806  Berlin Decrees-“Continental System” • 1806  Britain issued the “Order in Council.” • 1807  Milan Decrees • 1808-1811  Britain impressed over 6,000 American sailors.

25. Chesapeake and Leopard • June 21, 1807. • Br. Captain fired on the USS Chesapeake. • 3 dead, 18 wounded. • Br. Foreign Office said it was a mistake. • Jefferson’s Response: • Forbade Br. ships to dock in American ports. • Ordered state governors to call up as much as 100,000 militiamen.

27. Chesapeake and Leopard

28. Jefferson’s Response: Exception to limited government--WHY • Embargo Act 1807 –”peaceful coercion” • ALL TRADE prevented • Impact –huge economic losses • Non-Intercourse Act 1809 – lasts to 1812 • all but BR and FR • NE pushed toward manufacturing and self sufficiency • Macon’s Bill #2 1810 • Open ---but plays off rivals • War declaration – June 1812 ---why

29. Political Cartoon

30. War of 1812: Causes • Neutral Rights – free trade/free seas • Indians – Tecumseh and the Prophet Pan Indian Confederacy • War hawks – • Canada – lust for land/opportunity

31. Brock & Tecumseh

32. War Hawks • Clay • Calhoun

34. James & Dolly Madison

35. Two Wars: Indians ---British • Indians – western expansion – OPP. • Tippecanoe 1809 • Thames 1813 • Horseshoe Bend 1814 • Harrison & Jackson • British – neutral rights and respect • 1812-13 – Offense • Lake Erie • Can’t take Canada • 1814 – Defense • Washington/McHenry

36. Key Battles

37. War 1813

38. Battle of the Thames

39. Washington 1814

42. Dolly Madison and the Burning

43. Fort McHenry

44. Patriot’s View

45. Jackson’s Campaigns

46. Jackson at Horseshoe Bend

47. Battle of New Orleans

48. Battle of New Orleans

49. Opposition: New England • Most hurt by embargo – didn’t obey • Mr. Madison’s War – trade w/ enemy • Hartford Convention – Dec 1814 (states rights) Demands • One term pres –not from same state • 2/3 vote for embargo, war, new states • End 3/5 rule • No naturalized citizen in high office