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Understanding Matter: Properties, States, and Energy in Physical Science

Dive into the fascinating world of physical science with this comprehensive guide on matter. Explore the general and chemical properties of matter, including mass, weight, and density. This resource covers the states of matter—solid, liquid, gas, and plasma—along with their molecular behavior in different conditions. Learn about the classification of elements, how matter changes through chemical reactions, and the principles of motion, force, and energy transfer. Ideal for students and educators, this text provides detailed insights and examples that engage and inspire curiosity in the sciences.

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Understanding Matter: Properties, States, and Energy in Physical Science

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  1. NJ ASK REVIEW PHYSICAL SCIENCE

  2. Physical Science • Science Safety • Scientific Method • Chemistry • Physics

  3. Physical Properties Describe matter without changing matter 4 general properties: Mass, weight, volume and density Examples 5 senses State Malleability Ductility Boiling Point Solubility Viscosity MATTER

  4. Chemical Properties Describes matter as it changes its chemical make-up A new substance is formed Examples: Reactivity (Baking Soda + Vinegar -> Gas) Flammability MATTER

  5. Solid - Crystalline - Amorphous Liquid Gas Plasma Molecules packed together and vibrating Molecules rolling over each other Molecules moving all over Molecules moving super fast speeds States / Structure

  6. Endothermic - molecules speed up Melting Vaporization - Evaporation - Boiling Sublimation Exothermic - Molecules slow down Freezing Condensation Change of State

  7. Elements • Pure substance (one type of molecule) Ex. Periodic Table Gold Hydrogen Tin Neon

  8. Elements - Classification • Metals - Tin, gold, silver, aluminum • Non-Metals - Neon, Argon, Nitrogen, Carbon • Metalloids- Boron, Silicon, Arsenic

  9. Chemical combination of elements – changes the characteristics of the individual elements Na + Cl -> NaCl Water Carbon Dioxide Baking Soda Sugar Compounds

  10. How matter is organized Heterogenous (Easily separated) Homogeneous (More uniform) Solvent- dissolving Solute - dissolved Solubility Ex. Lemonade Mixtures / Solutions

  11. Nucleus contain protons (+) and neutrons (=) Electron (-) cloud / shell What’s Inside? Atomic Structure

  12. Element Key Atomic # = # Protons = # electrons Atomic Mass = # Protons + # Neutrons # Neutrons = At. Mass – Atomic # How to Determine Data from an Element Key 13 Al Aluminum 27.0

  13. Physics – Matter in Motion

  14. Matter in Motion • Motion – changes in position from reference point • Speed = Distance/time • Velocity – speed in given direction • Acceleration – Rate at which velocity changes

  15. Force • Force = push or pull • Net force = combining all forces • Same direction (+) add forces together • Opposing directions (-) subtract forces

  16. Friction • Force that opposes motion between two surfaces touching • Sliding • Rolling • Fluid • Static

  17. Temperature • Measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules in an object • Kinetic = energy in motion • Potential = energy stored - Measured with Thermometer

  18. Gravity • Force of attraction between objects due to their masses Mass = amount of matter in object Weight = measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object

  19. Newton’s First Law of Motion • An object at rest remains at rest and an object in motion remains in motion at a constant speed unless acted upon by an unbalanced force • Inertia

  20. Newton’s Second Law of Motion • The acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and the amount of force applied • F = ma

  21. Newton’s Third Law of Motion • For every action – there is opposite and equal reaction

  22. Work • Work – force causes an object to move in the direction of the force • F x D = W(joules) • Power – rate at which work is done P = W/T ( joules/sec)

  23. Machines • MACHINE A device that helps make work easier, faster, or by changing the size or direction of the force

  24. 6 simple machines : mechanical device that makes work easier with only one movement • lever– 3 classes of lever— • first class • second class • Third class -- • Pivotal point --- fulcrum • position of fulcrum changes based on type of lever • 2. Wheel and axle – • 3. Inclined plane--ramp • 4. The screw– inclined plane spiraled around a cylinder • 5. pulleys-fixed and moveable • 6. wedge--- cuts stuff

  25. Compound machines More than 1 simple machine working together--- more mechanical advantage

  26. Thermal = heat Chemical = break-down of compounds Electrical = moving electrons Sound = vibrations Light = vibrations of electrically charged particles Nuclear = changes in nucleus of atom Energy - Forms

  27. Energy Transfer – CONDUCTION Direct contact from one object to another • Ex. Pot on stove • Ex. Metal Spoon in Soup • Ex. Copper Pipes

  28. Energy Transfer - CONVECTION • Movement of liquid or gas • Ex. Hot-air popper • Boiling Water (convection currents) • Air Masses (weather)

  29. Energy Transfer - RADIATION • Transfer of energy through matter or space as electromagnetic waves, visible light or infrared waves • Ex. Space Heater • Microwave Oven

  30. MAGNETISM • POLES—N AND S POLES ON ENDS OF MAGNETS • LAW OF MAGNETISM: LIKE POLES REPEL; UNLIKE POLES ATTRACT. MAG. FIELD– AREA AROUND A MAGNET WHERE FORCES EXIST. STRONGEST AT THE POLES.

  31. MAGNETIC DOMAINS • AREAS OF ATOMS ALIGNED IN THE MAGNET TO KEEP THE MAGNETISM. IF THEY FACE IN DIFF. DIRECTIONS, AND ARE NOT ALIGNED—NO MAGNETISM.

  32. Electricity 2 TYPES: STATIC AND CURRENT: • Static electricity is a build-up of electric charges on an object • Law of charges: • electric discharge --Static electricity is lost due to contact w/something, ex. Lightning to ground Like charges repel; unlike charges attract

  33. Electricity 2 • Lightning rods work by directing the electric charge carried by lightning CURRENT ELECTRICITY • Electric current is a continuous flow of charge (motion of electrons) • SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY: • Batteries- are made of cells that convert chemical energy to electrical energy • Oil, gas, wind, water, steam, biomass, etc.

  34. Electricity 3 • Circuits consists of : energy source, a load,wires and sometimes a switch • Fuses and circuit breakers protect your home against circuit failure • Electric power is the rate at which electrical energy does work

  35. Waves • Any disturbance that transmits energy through matter or space • Carry Energy

  36. Wave Properties • Amplitude= height of wave • Wavelength = distance of wave • Frequency = number of waves produced in a given time– • unit is Hertz (Hz) • Wave speed = the speed of a wave • Medium – substance in which waves travel through ( s, l , g)

  37. Wave Interactions • Reflection – wave bounces back • Refraction – wave bends • Diffraction – wave bends around object • Interference – waves overlap

  38. Refraction-change in direction of wave due to its speed In diffraction Addition of 2 or more waves that cause new wave pattern

  39. SOUND • Needs a medium to travel( solid, l, or gas ) • Travels with rarefactions and compressions Like a slinky. Wave type: longitudinal wave

  40. LIGHT • Light travels on an ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE • Does not need a medium to travel through • A wave that travels on changing electric and magnetic fields • Wave type: transverse wave

  41. Visible Light • Narrow range of wavelengths and frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum • Humans Sight: • Longest wavelengths = red light • Shortest wavelengths = violet light

  42. ROYGBIV • Visible light colors • All colors are combined = white light Ex. sunlight, incandescent light bulbs and fluorescent light bulbs emit white light

  43. Why we see the colors we see? • When white light shines on a strawberry, only the red light is reflected. • All the other colors of light are absorbed. • Therefore the strawberry looks red to you.

  44. Mirrors • Reflect light • Plane mirrors – produce virtual images that are the same size as the objects. These images are reversed left to right 2 main kinds of mirrors: • Convex mirrors curves outward–makes a wider view of everything • Concave mirrors—curves inward-magnifies everything

  45. Ideas to Review • OEQ – provide full thoughts • Add extras – diagrams, data from full science background • Think before you answer question • GOOD LUCK

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