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Understanding Ultrasound: Principles, Characteristics, and Applications

Ultrasound refers to sound waves with frequencies above human hearing limits. These cyclic sound pressure waves possess unique characteristics, such as low penetrating power and short wavelengths that do not stray from their source. Key applications of ultrasound include detecting air leaks, monitoring machinery condition, and inspecting electrical systems. Various sensors, including airborne and contact sensors, are used to convert ultrasound into audible sound waves for analysis. This guide explores the fundamentals, characteristics, sources, and practical uses of ultrasound technology.

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Understanding Ultrasound: Principles, Characteristics, and Applications

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  1. Introduction Welcome www.sdtnorthamerica.com

  2. What is Ultrasound? • ul-tra-sound • is a cyclic sound pressure wave with a frequency greater than the upper limit of human hearing. Frequency band of sound: Audible Sound Ultrasound Infrasound Low inaudible Soundwaves Range of most human hearing High inaudible Soundwaves 20Hz 2000Hz / 20Khz

  3. Characteristics of Ultrasound Waves: Normal Sound Ultrasound Ultrasound waves act physically different than audible sound waves: • Stays where it starts • Low Penetrating Power • Short wavelengths don’t stray from source

  4. Sound Perception Ultrasonic Range= above of human hear perception Infrasonic Range= below of human hear perception www.sdtnorthamerica.com

  5. Intensity and Distance Inverse Square Rule Example www.sdtnorthamerica.com

  6. The Decibel Definition Definition of the dB Alexander Graham Bell • dB is logarithmic unit used to describe a ratio. The ratio may be power, sound pressure, voltage or intensity. • SDT’s reference value is 0dB = 1 µv www.sdtnorthamerica.com

  7. The Decibel Scale www.sdtnorthamerica.com

  8. Ultrasound Applications Generalities www.sdtnorthamerica.com

  9. Ultrasound Sources Naturally occurring ultrasound (Passive) • Friction • Turbulence • Electrical www.sdtnorthamerica.com

  10. Passive Ultrasound • Friction • Bearings • Gear meshing • Coupling • Sheaves and Belts • Turbulence • Leaks • Internal - External • Electrical www.sdtnorthamerica.com

  11. Ultrasound Detector Uses different sensors to detect ultrasound waves • Airborne Sensors • Contact Sensors Converts ultrasound waves into audible sound waves P +20Khz Only detects Ultrasound waves. Audible range sound waves are ignored.

  12. Airborne Pressure Vacuum Steam traps Electrical Structure borne Vacuum Valves & Steam traps Bearings Hydraulic Introduction Medium of Transport www.sdtnorthamerica.com

  13. How it Works • Convert inaudible to audible - heterodyne • Maintain ultrasound representation • Measure ultrasound intensity for trending www.sdtnorthamerica.com

  14. ? Standard Uses • Compressed Air Leaks • Steam Traps • Condition Monitoring – Bearings, Motors, Fans • Acoustic Lubrication • Electrical Inspections • Tightness Testing

  15. Sources of Natural Ultrasonic Noises • Turbulence • Leaks in Pressurized Systems • Leaks in Vacuum Systems • Leaks in Hydraulic Systems • Leaks in Steam Systems • Friction and Impacts • Wear from Mechanical Parts • Couplings, Gears, Bearings • Electrical Arcing • Faults in Electrical Systems • Arcing, Tracking, Corona Discharge, RTV Interference

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