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This overview covers significant advances in genetics, particularly in the realm of genetic engineering. It explains the processes of selective breeding, cloning, and hybridization, highlighting how genetic traits are manipulated to achieve desired outcomes. A detailed focus is placed on the production of human insulin, detailing how plasmids are used in bacterial cells to introduce human insulin genes, allowing these bacteria to produce insulin identical to that of humans. Emphasis is placed on the methods of enzyme cutting, plasmid uptake, and the implications of these advancements in medicine.
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Advances in Genetics • Cut a rubber band with scissors. Handle scissors with care. • Make a new circle by taping a small piece of string to the ends of the rubber band. • You have modeled genetic engineering.
Human Inheritance • Section 2-3 • Advances in Genetics
Human Inheritance • Selective Breeding: • selecting a few organisms with desired traits Inbreeding: • crossing two individuals with identical alleles Hybridization: • crossing two genetically different individuals
Human Inheritance • Cloning: • an organism genetically identical to the organism from which it was produced Plants: • use cutting Animals: • genetically identical not necessarily physically identical
Advances in Genetics Scientists remove plasmids from bacterial cells. 1 2 Enzymes cut open the plasmids; they remove human insulin genes from chromosomes. Insulin genes attach to plasmids. 3 4 Bacterial cells take up the plasmids. The foreign genes direct the cells to produce human insulin. 5
Advances in Genetics Scientists remove plasmids from bacterial cells. 1 2 Enzymes cut open the plasmids; they remove human insulin genes from chromosomes. Insulin genes attach to plasmids. 3 4 Bacterial cells take up the plasmids. The foreign genes direct the cells to produce human insulin. 5
Advances in Genetics Scientists remove plasmids from bacterial cells. 1 2 Enzymes cut open the plasmids; they remove human insulin genes from chromosomes. Insulin genes attach to plasmids. 3 4 Bacterial cells take up the plasmids. The foreign genes direct the cells to produce human insulin. 5
Advances in Genetics Scientists remove plasmids from bacterial cells. 1 2 Enzymes cut open the plasmids; they remove human insulin genes from chromosomes. Insulin genes attach to plasmids. 3 4 Bacterial cells take up the plasmids. The foreign genes direct the cells to produce human insulin. 5
Advances in Genetics Scientists remove plasmids from bacterial cells. 1 2 Enzymes cut open the plasmids; they remove human insulin genes from chromosomes. Insulin genes attach to plasmids. 3 4 Bacterial cells take up the plasmids. The foreign genes direct the cells to produce human insulin. 5
Advances in Genetics Genetic Engineering Plasmids removed from bacteria. Insulin gene cut from human DNA. Bacterial cells take up plasmids. Insulin gene cut attached to plasmids. Bacteria produce human insulin. Plasmids cut with an enzyme.
