1 / 58

Emergence and Growth Of Counselling Services

Emergence and Growth Of Counselling Services. Gained momentum –early 20 th century With in six decades-emerged as a profession Historical development of counselling -four periods. Period-1. Psychoanalysis movement(1850-1900) 1879- psychological laboratory-Leipzig, Germany- Wihelm Wundt

kana
Télécharger la présentation

Emergence and Growth Of Counselling Services

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Emergence and Growth Of Counselling Services • Gained momentum –early 20th century • With in six decades-emerged as a profession • Historical development of counselling-four periods

  2. Period-1 • Psychoanalysis movement(1850-1900) • 1879-psychological laboratory-Leipzig, Germany-Wihelm Wundt • 1883-G.Stanley Hall psychological laboratory • 1895-George Merril –first systematic programme-San Fransisco

  3. 1896-psychological clinic-Lightner Winner- University of Pennsylvania • 1898-Jesse .B. Davis –term counselling-Educational Career Counselling centre in Detroit

  4. 1899-President of Chicago University, William Rainey Harper-importance of guidance • 1909-J.B.Miner-freeclinic-mental development-University of Minnesota

  5. Period-2 • Guidance movement(1900-1930) • 1908-mental hygiene movement-clifford Beers-book….the mind that found itself • 1910-progressive education movement-John Dewey-how we think

  6. 1911-Rev.Elwood Worcester-use of psychological principles- pastrolcounselling • 1912-Mrs.Adolf Myers –the school of social work-case work and psychiatry

  7. National Vocational Guidance Association(NVGA)-------Vocational Guidance Movement-----voluntary efforts in educational, civic, social work

  8. Period-3 • Psychometric Movement(1930-1940) • Test of mental functions • Test of abilities , attitudes , interest • Guidance workers(?)---------to guide people

  9. Period -4 • Counselling movement(1940 onward):period after world war 2 • Counselling emerged as a science • 1942:Carl Rogers-book-counseling and psychotherapy • 1944-Act of Congreess-Army separation and classification and counselling programme • Initiated by United states employment counselling

  10. 1945-Uses –General Aptitude Test Battery(GATB) • 1954-first journal of counselling –Psychology • Counselling psychology established as a specialised field of psychology

  11. Approaches to counselling • Incorporated findings from: • Personality theory • Social psychology • Counselling psychology • Therapeutic counselling

  12. 1.Directive or authoritarian or psychoanalytic counselling • Psychoanalysis-theory of human personality • Deals with normal and abnormal behaviour • Major contributor? • Psychoanalysis relativity to therapies: • Object relations , Progoff’s intensive Journal Therapy, Jungian hypotherapy

  13. Psychoanalytic approach-personality -3 groups • ID • EGO • SUPER EGO

  14. ID: • Works on pleasure principle • Actions for the satisfaction of personal wants • EGO: • Works on logic or rationality • It has a contact with reality

  15. It control consciousness • Provides realistic and logical thinking • Moderates the desire for ID • SUPER EGO: • It represents conscience of the mind • Higher plane of ethical codes or ideals • Actions are developed by the moral code

  16. CONTROL: • Superego Ego Id • Unpleasant emotional feelings such as tension, conflict and anxiety

  17. Defence Mechanism--- that represents behavioral responses(Protection from threat)

  18. Counsellor’s role: • Act as an expert who facilitate or direct this restructuring • Talking therapy-analyses the root cause of behaviour • Assumption: • Client is helpless and unaware of all the problems

  19. Tools used: • Modern analysis---- • Free association Test, projective test, play therapy, dream analysis etc • Duration: • Modern analysts are using psychoanalytic technique for therapies of short span of time

  20. 2.Adlerian Therapy or Individual psychology • Individual psychology is often called Adlerian Therapy • Put forward –Alfred Adler • Assumptions: • Individuals are restricted –feeling of inferiority

  21. Sources : • Biological dependency • Image of self relationship to the universe • Organ inferiority • Eg: sexual abuse

  22. Counselling process • 1. Empathy relationship: • Client expresses problems with little interruptions • Therapist offers acceptance and understanding • 2.Information: • Focus to problem-antecedents-root causes-client role in family, workplace and society • Intelligence , psychological and interest test

  23. 3.Clarification: • Mistaken ideas and logic are corrected and fused with common sense • 4.Encouragement: • Reduces the feeling of inferiority • Felt impossible to possible

  24. 5.Interpretation and recognition: • Observes psychological movements(thinking , feelings and behavioural models) • Choice between right and wrong • 6.Knowing: • Allows to take control of himself

  25. 7.Missing experience: • Role-playing or guided imagery to eliminate • 8.Doing differently: • Insight and innovation mobilized to client

  26. 9.Reinforcement: • Client learned to focus not on self but on others • Reinforced through encouragement and support • 10.Community feeling: • It is created in the first stage • Develop a position of cooperation with others

  27. 11.Goal –redirection: • Client may treat therapist as positive or negative models • Therapists –keep high values • Eg: truth , beauty , justice • 12.Support and launching: • Counsellors act of motivation

  28. 3.Cognitive Approach • Assumption: • Focusing on current problems are more appropriate • Investigating root is unnecessary • Role of counsellor: • Establishing collaborative relationship

  29. Directive teaching(REALITY therapy-teaching, Rational Emotive Therapy-RET or REBT) • Encourage logical thinking • Short duration-treat anger, depression , anxiety

  30. Three forms of cognitive approach • A.Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy(REBT): • Albert Ellis • Make client aware of: • Negative and self defeating thoughts and emotions • B.Reality Therapy: • Human needs classified as-(sense of belonging,power ,freedom, fun recreation

  31. C.Transactional Analysis: • Child-set of behaviour from childhood • Parent-passed from individuals parents • Adult –individuals unique experience from childhood

  32. 4.Humanastic or Affective Approach • Carl Rogers • Assumptions : • Behaviour consistent with self concept-individuals satisfied only if they act in image suit them • Threat and defence mechanism: • If act in a manner inconsistent to “image”-threatened-defence mechanism

  33. Role of counsellor: • Effectively eliminate defence mechanism • Strengthen clients ability to face reality • Awareness regulate self control and regulation

  34. A. Empathise with the counselee: • Self-theory of Rogers based on “phenomenology” • phenomenology----what people perceive is their reality • Interpret a person’s behaviour can be done by understanding “phenomenological field”

  35. B. Help to see in congruence: • Close matching of awareness and experience • C. Help to see the whole picture: • Integrate behaviour feeling and thinking • Duration : • Short span of time

  36. 5.Behavioural Approach Assumptions: • Behaviour is conditioned-----primary learning comes from experience , behaviour changes when favourable condition exists • Behaviour is predictable----- individual reacts in a predictable way to any given situation or stimulus, depending on his/her learning

  37. Role of counsellor: • Adopt a directive role in initiating and directing therapeutic counselling • Takes roles of teacher or a coach • Sessions tend to be structured and action oriented

  38. Counselling process: • Characteristics---- • 1.know the client’s view of the problem: • Interaction with the client • Develop a common understanding of the perspective

  39. 2.set target behaviour: • Set an objective of achieving a change in the behavioural pattern • 3.choose treatment procedure: • Behaviour understand through theories of learning

  40. John D Krumboltz-4 learning procedure • A. Operant learning: • Facilitated by use of re-enforces at predetermined intervals • Forms of re-enforces :- gift, cash or intangibles such as approval or attention

  41. B. Initiative learning: • Encouraged through exposure to models of desired behaviour • C. Cognitive learning: • Instructing the client what to do , how to do

  42. D. Emotional learning: • Strengthened by substitution of acceptable emotional responses for un pleasant emotional reaction

  43. Techniques used: • Reflection , summarization and open-ended enquiries • Tools are homework, role playing, social modelling, desensitization

  44. 6.Holistic Approaches • Includes : • A. Existential therapy • B. Gestalt approach • C. Eclectic approach

  45. A. Existential therapy: • Based on science ‘of being’ • Existence is the prime driver of human life • Awareness of ‘being in the world’

  46. Define goals through choice making • Individuals make choice with or without awareness of choice restriction

  47. Assumptions: • Individuals live in a world that is not limited to environment • But must also include the human world created by an individual’s meaningful relationship

  48. Three modes of world: • Umwelt— ‘world around’-biological world-environment • Mitwelt--- ‘with world’-world of one’s fellow human being • Eigenwelt--- ‘own world’ the relationship to one’s self

  49. Role of counsellor: • Phenomenological world in which client exists and participates • Recognize outmoded ways of life

More Related