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Effects of Water, Saline and Dry Treatments on the Strength of Natural Cordage

Effects of Water, Saline and Dry Treatments on the Strength of Natural Cordage. Marco Lin – Lake Shore Steven Prascius – Warren Mott. Overview . Introduction Background Problem Statement/Hypothesis Materials Procedures Data and Analysis Errors Conclusion Recap

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Effects of Water, Saline and Dry Treatments on the Strength of Natural Cordage

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  1. Effects of Water, Saline and Dry Treatments on the Strength of Natural Cordage Marco Lin – Lake Shore Steven Prascius – Warren Mott

  2. Overview • Introduction • Background • Problem Statement/Hypothesis • Materials • Procedures • Data and Analysis • Errors • Conclusion • Recap • Applications/Future Research

  3. Introduction • Researched the effect of three different treatments (dry, salt water, and water) on the strength of natural cordage

  4. Introduction • Natural Cordage uses and history http://www.flickriver.com/photos/boston_public_library/tags/maritime/ http://www.nndb.com/people/519/000124147/

  5. Introduction • Natural Cordage • Plant – Manila • Animal – Sinew http://www.abacaphilippines.com/abaca.php?go=about&show=plant http://www.primitiveways.com/secrets_of_sinew.html

  6. Introduction • Banana Leaves • Similar to Manila (Abaca) • Untreated http://www.hedgehogleatherworks.com/How-To-Make-Primitive-Cordage-From-Natural-Material-s/56.htm http://www.florida-coconuts.com/produtos.php

  7. Background Information • Ultimate Tensile Strength • Maximum force a material can withstand without breaking • Force per area squared

  8. Background Information • Tension • Force exerted on a rope, string etc • T = mg Force of Tension Force of Gravity Force of Tension Force of Gravity

  9. Background Information • Cross-Sectional Area • ∏(radius)2 http://www.mtu.edu/materials/k12/experiments/tensile/

  10. Problem Statement • What are the effects of different treatments on the ultimate tensile strength of natural cordage?

  11. Hypothesis • Banana leave cordage that is treated by water would have a greater ultimate tensile strength than dry and salt water treatment

  12. Materials

  13. Procedure • SRS • Treatments – ten minutes each • Salt water salinity at 3.5%

  14. Procedure • Turn the banana leaves into cordage by plaiting http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/schoolarly/tei-BucMani-t1-body-d1-d4-d3-d2.html

  15. Procedure • Finding Radius

  16. Set up of Experiment

  17. Video

  18. Data

  19. Data 3.95 3.45 2.95 Ultimate Tensile Strength megaPascals

  20. Statistical Tests • ANOVA test • Two-sample t test

  21. ANOVA Hypothesis Ho: µDry=µWet=µSalt Ha: µDry, µWet, and µSalt are not all equal

  22. ANOVA Assumptions • Normally distributed • Independent populations • SRS • Largest std. is no more than twice as large as smallest std. (0.77 and 1.19 for wet and dry)

  23. Data Normality (Assumptions)

  24. ANOVA TEST 3.95 Ho: µDry=µWet=µSalt Ha: µDry, µWet, and µSalt are not all equal p-value of 0.006 3.45 2.95 Ultimate Tensile Strength megaPascals

  25. Two-Sample t Test Hypothesis 3.95 • 1st two-sample t test Ho: µDry = µSalt Ha: µDry < µSalt • 2nd two-sample t test Ho: µWet = µDry Ha: µWet < µDry 3.45 2.95 Ultimate Tensile Strength megaPascals

  26. Two-Sample t Test Assumptions • Two independent populations • Normal distributions • SRS

  27. Two-Sample t Test Results • 1st two-sample t test Ho: µDry = µSalt Ha: µDry < µSalt • P-value = 0.19

  28. Two-Sample t Test Hypothesis • 2nd two-sample t test Ho: µWet = µDry Ha: µWet < µDry • P-value = 0.02

  29. Errors and Limitations • The clamp failed – trials redone • Different leaves – UTS • Different researchers - UTS • Short cordage – higher UTS • Broke at knot – lower UTS

  30. Conclusion Hypothesis • Banana leave cordage that is treated by water would have a greater tensile strength than dry and salt water treatment

  31. Conclusion • Salt water and Dry treatments were the same but better than water treatment • Salt water average – 4.09 megaPascals • Dry average – 3.6 megaPascals • Water average - 2.97 megaPascals

  32. Conclusion – Scientific Reasoning • Solvent - substance that is doing the dissolving • Solute - substance being dissolved • Solvent is the material in greater quantity, and the solute is in lesser.

  33. Conclusion – Scientific Reasoning • Osmosis – transfer of water from high to low Water Treatment Dry Treatment Salt Water Treatment http://alevelnotes.com/Osmosis/143

  34. Conclusion – Scientific Reasoning • Cell Wall – membrane that holds a plant cell together • Prevents Cells from bursting due to osmosis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OYoaLzobQmk

  35. Conclusion – Scientific Reasoning • Cordage function due to treatments Force Force Water Dry and Salt Water Wet Radius = 2.56 Dry Radius = 2.06 Salt Radius = 1.86

  36. Recap • Reject the hypothesis • Salt Treatment and dry are better than wet Salt Dry Wet Ultimate Tensile Strength megaPascals

  37. Future Research • Ways to Improve • Tensile Testing Machine http://www.made-in-china.com/showroom/ddh0534/product-detailMqdnYKeUnTRF/China-Tensile-Testing-Machine-CMT-.html

  38. Applications • Commercial Industries • Common Knowledge http://masonmouse.deviantart.com/art/Boat-Ropes-and-Railing-129255463 http://purposebeyondpain.com/2010/03/03/when-all-seems-lost-keep-breathing/

  39. Further Research • Synthetic Cordage • Different Treatments • Different Braiding Method

  40. Acknowledgments • Mr. McMillan • Mrs. Cybulski • Parents • Tayson Lin

  41. Work Cited "Abaca Philippines The First, Comprehensive Reference Guidebook on Abaca Plants and the Numerous by Products." N.p., n.d. Web. 02 June 2013. <http://www.abacaphilippines.com/abaca.php?go=about&show=plant> "Boat Ropes and Railing by ~masonmouse on DeviantART." Boat Ropes and Railing by ~masonmouse on DeviantART. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 June 2013. <http://masonmouse.deviantart.com/art/Boat-Ropes-and-Railing- 129255463> "Flickriver: Boston Public Library's Photos Tagged with Maritime." Flickriver: Boston Public Library's Photos Tagged with Maritime. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 June 2013. <http://www.flickriver.com/photos/boston_public_library/tags/maritime/>

  42. Work Cited Hersey, David. "Re: When Is a Cell Flaccid Compared to Turgid Compared to Plasmolysed?" Re: When Is a Cell Flaccid Compared to Turgid Compared to Plasmolysed?N.p., n.d. Web. 02 June 2013.<http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2004- 02/1076447262.Bt.r.html > "Les Stroud." Les Stroud. NNDB, n.d. Web. 02 June 2013.<http://www.nndb.com/people/519/000124147/> "Osmosis." A Level Notes. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 June 2013. < http://alevelnotes.com/Osmosis/143>

  43. Work Cited "Osmotic Burst of Blood Cells." Cell Bio Physics YouTube. YouTube, 25 Jan. 2012. Web. 02 June2013.<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OYoaLzobQmk> "Primitive Cordage From Natural Materials." Hedgehog Leatherworks. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 June2013.<http://www.hedgehogleatherworks.com/How-To-Make-Primitive- Cordage-From-Natural-Material-s/56.htm> "Tensile Test Experiment." Michigan Technological University. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 June 2013. <http://www.mtu.edu/materials/k12/experiments/tensile/>

  44. Any Questions?

  45. Any Questions?

  46. Any Questions?

  47. Any Questions?

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