John Canaday (1907-1985) American art critic, author and art historian

1. John Canaday (1907-1985)American art critic, author and art historian

2. Bio/Headnote 386 • Biographical Note • Type of information • Headnote • a brief summary, comment, or explanation that precedes a chapter, report, etc.

3. What Is Art?: An Introduction To Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture 1980 • Almost 30 years later, it remains a favorite, and one with which I am still impressed. (I still have a copy!) Now that I have concluded graduate studies in art history and teach humanities at the collegiate level, I recommend it to all of my students the first week of classes. As far as the classic, standards go, you simply cannot do better (in my humble opinion) than to learn from this text and the fabulously impressive H.W. Janson "History of Art" (older versions are preferable). Do yourself a favor and buy the two texts and you will not regret where the odyssey of art will lead you.

4. Charles Wilson Peale(1741-1827) • an America • While he did portraits of scores of historic figures (such as James Varnum, Benjamin Franklin, John Hancock, Thomas Jefferson, and Alexander Hamilton), he is probably best known for his portraits of George Washington.

5. Washington at Princetonhttp://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/art/artifact/Painting_31_00002.htm • The original, now owned by the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, was completed in early 1779, when Washington sat for Peale in Philadelphia. In January 2005, the painting sold for $21.3 million dollars - setting a record for the highest price paid for an American portrait.

6. James Peale(1749 – May 24, 1831) • James Peale Painting a Miniature by Charles Willson Peale • an American painter, best known for his miniature and still life paintings, and a younger brother of noted painter Charles Willson Peale.

7. Peale Museum225 North Holliday Street, Baltimore, Maryland • The museum was among the first to adopt Li’nnaean tax’onomy. This system drew a stark contrast between Peale's museum and his competitors who presented their artifacts as mysterious oddities of the natural world.

8. Charles Wilson Pearle as a Renaissance man • for "universal man" or "man of the world") are related and used to describe a person who is well educated or who excels in a wide variety of subjects or fields. The idea developed in Renaissance Italy from the notion expressed by one of its most accomplished representatives, Leon Battista Alberti (1404–1472): that "a man can do all things if he will." It embodied the basic tenets of Renaissance humanism, which considered humans empowered, limitless in their capacities for development, and led to the notion that people should embrace all knowledge and develop their capacities as fully as possible.

9. a rounded approach to education • Many notable polymaths lived during the Renaissance period, a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th through the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. They had a rounded approach to education which was typical of the ideals of the humanists of the time.

10. The idea of a universal education • A gentleman or courtier of that era was expected to speak several languages, play a musical instrument, write poetry, and so on, thus fulfilling the Renaissance ideal. The idea of a universal education was pivotal to achieving polymath ability, hence the word university was used to describe a seat of learning. • At this time universities did not specialize in specific areas, but rather trained their students in a broad array of science, philosophy and theology.

11. Involvement with the polygraph (duplicating device) • Around 1804 he obtained the American patent rights to the ‘polygraph from its inventor John Isaac Hawkins, about the same time as the purchase of one by Thomas Jefferson. Peale and Jefferson collaborated on refinements to this device, which enabled a copy of a handwritten letter to be produced simultaneously with the original.

12. Anadiplosis 386for smooth transition • ‘Anadi’plosis • first part of a clause or sentence of a prominent word from the latter part of the preceding clause or sentence, usually with a change or extension of meaning. • The dog Argus

13. The Peale Familyaccession number

14. Contextual Information 386 • Types of contextual information • Biographical • Historical • Quantitative

15. An Example of Claim/well warranted supporting point • “The Peale Family is a delightful painting” (386). (claim) • Evidence: John Adam’s letter in 1776 • Powerful piece of evidence since the critic is the second President of the United States (1797–1801) • Recap: Ideal façade of family life, informal, affectionate, harmonious, and secure (387)

16. Name ChangeWell warranted by the primary source: Personal letter • Concordia Animae, source is based on a personal letter written by the artist himself—primary source; • In Roman religion, Concord (Latin: Concordia, "harmony") was the goddess of agreement, understanding, and marital harmony. Her Greek version is Harmonia, and the Harmonians and some Discordians equate her with Aneris. Her opposite is Discordia (or the Greek Eris).

17. Kitsch vs. critic’s mission • Kitsch refers to something of tawdry design, appearance, or content created to appeal to popular or undiscriminating taste • “The real social function of philosophy lies in its criticism of what is prevalent.” • Max Horkheimer. • The Social Function of Philosophy. In Critical Theory Since 1965. ed. Hazard Adams & Leroy Searle, 1986. 693

18. Sequence of supporting pointsWhich Carries more weight?Progressive/Climactic Order • Comment by the second president of US • Something from personal letters written by the artist himself

19. An accession numberUsed by a library • a sequential number given to each new book, magazine subscription, or recording as it is entered in the catalog of a library. If an item is removed from the collection, its number is usually not reused for new items. This numbering system is usually in addition to the library classification number (or alphanumeric code) and to the ISBN or International Standard Book Number assigned by publishers.

20. Accession numbers are also used by museums • to identify objects by the order in which they entered the museum's collection. In many museums, the accession number consists of the year acquired and a sequential number separated by a period. In addition, departments or art classifications within the museum may reserve sections of numbers. • For example, objects identified by the numbers 11.000 through 11.999 may indicate objects obtained by the museum in 1911; the first 300 numbers may be used to indicate American art, while the next fifty (11.301-350) may be used for African art.

21. Technical Analysis 387 • Signaled by Compositionally, • Positive analysis • Hypothetically negative: If… • Expansion/enrichment/variety

22. Conversation piece 388an informal group portrait • Conversation piece is a term for an informal group portrait, especially those painted in Britain in the eighteenth century, beginning in the 1720s. • They are distinguished by their portrayal of the group apparently engaged in genteel conversation or some activity, very often outdoors. Typically the group will be members of a family, but friends may be included, and some groups are of friends, members of a society or hunt, or some other grouping. Often the paintings are relatively small, about the same size as a half-length portrait but in horizontal or "landscape" format; others are much larger.

23. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)by Max Halberstadt, 1921 • founded the psychoanalytic school of psychiatry, • best known for his theories of the unconscious mind and the defense mechanism of repression, • For an "a’nalysand".

24. Pre-Freudian Age • In his later work, Freud proposed that the human psyche could be divided into three parts: Id, ego, and super-ego. Freud discussed this model in the 1920 essay Beyond the Pleasure Principle, and fully elaborated upon it in The Ego and the Id (1923), in which he developed it as an alternative to his previous topographic schema (i.e., conscious, unconscious, and preconscious).

25. The Id, childish stage • The id is the impulsive, child-like portion of the psyche that operates on the "pleasure principle" and only takes into account what it wants and disregards all consequences.

26. The super-egoMoral Police, dogmatic practiceparalysis in James Joyce’s Term • The super-ego is the moral component of the psyche, which takes into account no special circumstances in which the morally right thing may not be right for a given situation. • The theory of ego defense mechanisms has received empirical validation, and the nature of repression, in particular, became one of the more fiercely debated areas of psychology in the 1990s.

27. The rational ego--balance • The rational ego attempts to exact a balance between the impractical hedonism of the id and the equally impractical moralism of the super-ego; it is the part of the psyche that is usually reflected most directly in a person's actions. When overburdened or threatened by its tasks, it may employ defense mechanisms including denial, repression, and displacement.

28. Family Romance • The family romance is a conscious fantasy, later repressed, in which a child imagines that their birth parents are not actual but adoptive parents, or that their birth was the outcome of maternal infidelity. Typically, the fantasy parents are of noble lineage, or at least of a higher social class than the real parents.

29. Who am I? • The family romance (Freud, 1909c[1908]) differs from children's sexual theories in that it does not address general questions about the origins of life but rather the question, "Who am I?"—where "I" denotes not an agency of the mind (or ego) but the result of an effort to place oneself in a history, and hence the attempt to form the basis of a knowledge.

30. several possible aims and sources • The family romance fantasy has several possible aims and sources: revenge against frustrating parents; rivalry with the parent of the same sex; separation from idealized parents by means of their transformation into fantasy parents; and the elimination of brothers and sisters for competitive or in’cestuous purposes.

31. Try to Grow out of “Tutelage”“What is Enlightenment?” (1784)by IMMANUEL KANT • The family romance is built on the basis of the child's intuitive knowledge of their parents' emotions, although the parents may believe these perfectly concealed. • The freeing of an individual, as he grows up, from the authority of his parents is one of the most necessary though one of the most painful results brought about by the course of his development.

32. Edgar Degas(19 July 1834 – 27 September 1917) • a French artist famous for his work in painting, sculpture, printmaking and drawing. He is regarded as one of the founders of Impressionism although he rejected the term, and preferred to be called a realist.

33. Portrait of the Bellelli FamilyOil on canvas,

34. in mourning dress and small white aprons • After his aunt and cousins returned in early November 1858 Degas undertook a series of works that would eventually culminate in The Bellelli Family. It appears that he initially planned to paint a vertical composition depicting his aunt and her two daughters in a Pyra’midical grouping. He painted his cousins in their black dresses and white pinafores, while his father wrote letters from Paris, offering advice on how best to proceed with the project, and impatiently awaited his return. Degas wrote of Giulia and Giovanna: • "The elder one was in fact a little beauty. The younger one, on the other hand, was smart as can be and kind as an angel. I am painting them in mourning dress and small white aprons, which suit them very well…I would like to express a certain natural grace together with a nobility that I don't know how to define...."

35. Significance • Viewed alongside the work of Degas' contemporaries, the painting's uniqueness was due in large part to the composition, which presents a family portrait painted on the grand scale of a historical drama,and whose content has been interpreted as psychologically penetrating, with the placement of the figures suggestive of the parents' alienation from one another, and of the divided loyalties of their children.

36. Double-Column NotebookA is preferred to B for the following reasons • Warrant (General principles or assumptions) • 1. Family is a place of love and harmony—Peale; • 2. Telling the truth is the highest mission of an artist—Degas • Family is a place for friction and conflict; • Thematic analysis • Technical analysis • Technical decisions are determined by themes;

37. Citing an essay in an anthologyWorksheet question 1(Works Cited) • Achebe, Chinua. “An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness.” Heart of Darkness. Ed. Robert Kimbrough. New York: Norton, 1988. 251-62. • Canaday, John. “Two Family Portraits: The Peales and The Bellellis.” Frames Mind: A Rhetorical Reader with Occasions for Writing. Ed. Robert J. DiYanni and Pat C. Hoy II. Boston: Wadsworth Cengate Learning, 2009. 386-91.

38. Citing an essay in a bookWorksheet question 1 • Canaday, John. What is Art? Columbus: McGraw-Hill Companies, 1980. (page number)

39. MLA FormatCiting a Book in Works CitedA new page at the end of your essay • Basic Format • The first-give author’s name or a book with a single author's name appears in last name, first name format. The basic form for a book citation is: • Lastname, Firstname. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.

40. Notes vs. Bibliography • In the notes, footnotes or endnotes, first name first, last name last. • In the bibliography or Works Cited, • Last name first, first name last. • Consult MLA sample paper on class website. • Follow page 9 exactly in your essays.

41. Worksheet Question 2Block method or alternating method • For the most part, Canaday uses the block method, treating the first picture in its entirety before moving onto the next painting. • He also uses the alternating method close to the end of his essay, moving back and forth in his comparison and contrasts.

42. Worksheet Question 5Mini Argument/Reason GivingEvidence/Warrant • Claim: It is harmful to hunt for a formula because… • (creativity) • Evidence/Data • Types of evidence: Anecdotal Testimonial Statistical Analogical • Warrant: (a higher, more general/abstract level principle/ • Rule)/assumption, etc. • Counterargument to prevent an intellectual blind spot in your critical judgment;

43. Public school vs. homeschoolPosition-taking/reason-giving • Formal learning/Better trained teaching professionals • Social setting for maturity in dealing with human relations; • Diversity in experience • Natural learning • Safe from bad influence/moral hazards like a lath house; • Undivided attention from teachers for better result;

44. A Lath House

45. Homeschool vs. Public School • To many parents and students, homeschool or home learning is more desirable. • Homeschool is more desirable for several reasons. • Considering the potential bad influence and other moral hazards from a public school, homeschool, like a lath house, offers a more desirable sanctuary to many students at their tender age.

46. Stay calmGiving credit to others while voicing your perspective • While these arguments/approaches are certainly interesting, it is more natural to consider [Kafka’s fiction as reflecting his life, especially his relations with his father. (Karen DiYanni, 165)] • While formal learning, diverse social experience and richer moral development are attractive at a public school, it is more natural to consider homeschool where…

47. Weaving an argumentFour Elements • Claim: start with a focal point of disagreement; • Evidence • Warrant • Counterargument • Though the above-mentioned perspective sounds interesting, it is more convincing that… • Recap your point