By:Tumisang Edward Maseko,Botshelo Kahuma,Bernard Badasu

1. By:Tumisang Edward Maseko,BotsheloKahuma,BernardBadasu

2. INTRODUCTION Malaria is a water borne infectious disease passed on to humans by the female anopheles mosquito (Anopheles arabiensis). It is caused by infection with any of the four species of genus plasmodia known to infect man namely; Plasmodium falciparum, P. ovale, P. vivax and P. malariae. The most common in Botswana is P. Falciparum which is responsible for 98% of cases.

3. MOSTLY AFFECTED AREAS Malaria, including cerebral malaria, is common in the northern part of Botswana in the Okavango and Chobe areas, particularly during and immediately following the rainy season, from November to April. This disease is mostly widespread in the tropical and subtropical regions of Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and America around large water sources like rivers, dams and lakes.

4. DISTRIBUTION OF MALARIA IN BOTSWANA

5. MODE OF TRANSMITTION The vector for human malaria is the female anopheles mosquito. The infection is transmitted by the bite from an infected female anopheles mosquito. The mosquito becomes infected by biting a patient with malaria infection. When a mosquito bites an infected individual, it sucks the gametocytes, the sexual forms of the parasite, along with blood. These gametocytes continue the sexual phase of the cycle and the sporozoites fill the salivary glands of the infested mosquito. When this female mosquito bites the human, it inoculates the sporozoites into human blood stream, thus spreading the infection. Other modes of transmition include: • Mother to fetus(congenital malaria) intrauterine transmission of infection. • Blood transfusion

6. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS. Symptoms of malaria occur within a period of 8-25 days after infection and can be catergoriesed as early or severe symptoms. Early symptoms Severe sypmtoms Respiratory Circulatory collapse Pulmonary oedema Abnormal bleeding Jaundice • Flu like symptoms • Headache • Fever • Shivering • Vomiting

7. PREVENTION AND CONTROL Methods used to control and prevent malaria are aimed at preventing mosquito bites, vector reproduction and eliminating mosquitoes. Such preventative measures include: • Clearing bushy areas around homes as mosquitoes my inhabit such area • Making good water drainage to avoid stagnant water • Using mosquito nets over beds • Using insect repellents • Indoor house residual spraying with insecticide • Public Education • Other precautions are: to wear long sleeves, socks, closed shoes, and generally keep the body covered.

8. TREATMENT Antimalaria medications are used to treat malaria and these include:  • Chloroquine • Doxycyline • Combination of atovaquone and proguanil Chloroquine In Botswana Aotemisinin based combination therapy is used to treat malari and Quinine is used to treat severe malaria.

9. EFFORTS BY THE GOVERNMENT • On the 13nth September 2010 the government lunched the malaria dimination campaign under the slogen “Nyeletsa Malaria” with a goal of zero local malaria transmission by 2015. • The government provides free malaria drugs, nets and free in house residual spraying with insecticide. • The government also provides public education on malaria.

10. REFERENCES • http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/about/diseases/Malaria/?gclid=CN7s5LP_lboCFU_MtAodiTUArA • http://www.gov.bw/Global/MOH/Malaria%20diagnosis%20and%20treatment%20guidelines-17-07-08%20final%20draft%20JP%20edits.pdf • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria • http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/malaria-symptoms • http://www.aarogya.com/conditions-and-diseases/malaria/3624-mode-of-transmission-of-malaria.html

11. RE A LEBOGATHANK YOU