The Central Dogma of Biology

1. The Central Dogma of Biology Tia Gorhau, Lindsey Sniffen, Michelle Zhao, Hunter Pearl, Maria Wissler

2. The Central Dogma of Biology

3. Three Types of RNA mRNA: messenger RNA Carries information from nucleus to ribosome rRNA: ribosomal RNA Associates with proteins to form ribosome tRNA: transfer RNA Carries amino acids to the ribosome

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5. Gene Expression and its 3 Main Parts gene expression: process by which information from�a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product products include: proteins, RNA� used by all living organisms �Three main parts �DNA-Replication The DNA is replicated to make an exact copy of the DNA in a cell Transcription The DNA is transcribed into RNA Translation The RNA is read to order amino acids to make a protein

6. Genetic Code Genetic code is the series of codons that make up an organism's DNA �consists of 64 triplets (codons) of nucleotides� each codon encodes for one of the 20 amino acids for synthesis of proteins� AUG starts translation and codes for the amino acid Methionine (Met) �

7. Genetic Code Can be expressed through RNA codons or DNA codons� RNA codon Read during transcription (synthesis of polypeptides) Are read from 3' to 5' of mRNA �Nucleotides: Uracil,�Adenine,�Cytosine, Guanine DNA codon Are read from 5' to 3' strand of DNA Nucleotides: Thymine, Adenine, Cytosine Guanine

9. Terminology mRNA - abbreviated form for messenger ribonucleic acid, the type of�RNA�that codes for the chemical blueprint for a�protein�(during�protein synthesis) rRNA - a�nucleic acid�found in all living cells;�plays a�role�in transferring information from DNA�to the�protein-forming system of the cell;�rRNA sits in the ribosome, decoding the mRNA into various amino acids and assisting in translation Transcription - the process of transcribing or making a copy of�genetic�information stored in a�DNA�strand into a�complementary�strand�of�RNA�(messenger RNA or mRNA) with the aid of�RNA�polymerase

10. Terminology Translation - a�step in protein biosynthesis�wherein the genetic code�carried by mRNA�is decoded to produce the specific sequence of amino acids�in a polypeptide�chain; follows�transcription�in which the DNA sequence�is copied (or transcribed) into an�mRNA Ribosome -�a�molecule�consisting of two�subunits�that fit together and work as one to build�proteins�according to the�genetic�sequence�held within the messenger RNA (mRNA); using the�mRNA�as a�template, the ribosome traverses each�codon, pairing it with the appropriate�amino acid;�done through interacting with transfer RNA (tRNA) containing a�complementary�anticodon�on one end and the appropriate�amino acid�on the other

11. Terminology Codon -�A set of three adjacent�nucleotides, also called�triplet, in�mRNA�that base-pair with the corresponding�anticodon�of�tRNA�molecule�that carries a particular�amino acid, hence, specifying the type and sequence of�amino acids�for�protein synthesis. Template - almost exclusively used to�refer�to a�nucleotide�sequence�that�directs�the�synthesis�of a sequence�complementary�to it by the�rules�of Watson�crick�base pairing Amino acid -the building block of�protein�in which each is coded for by a�codon�and linked together through�peptide bonds Reading frame - one of the three�possible�ways of reading a�nucleotide�sequence. As the�genetic code�is�read�in nonoverlapping�triplets�(codons) there are three possible ways of�translating�a sequence of�nucleotides�into a�protein, each with a different starting�point;�example -�given�the nucleotide sequence: AGCAGCAGC, the three reading�frames�are: AGC AGC AGC, GCA GCA, CAG CAG

12. References http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Transcription http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/ ����Codons.htmlhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Q2Ba2cFAew