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Introduction to Biology

Introduction to Biology. Remember: An independent variable is the variable that YOU have control over A dependent variable is the variable that RESPONDS to what you do. A control group is the group that does not receive the treatment. Read the scenario. What is the independent variable?

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Introduction to Biology

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  1. Introduction to Biology • Remember: • An independent variable is the variable that YOU have control over • A dependent variable is the variable that RESPONDS to what you do. • A control group is the group that does not receive the treatment. • Read the scenario. • What is the independent variable? • What is the dependent variable? • What would be a good control group? 0% glucose • What conclusion could the students make based on the results? more alcohol is produced at higher glucose concentrations • A group of students hypothesize that the amount of alcohol produced in fermentation depends on the amount of glucose supplied to the yeast. They want to use 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% glucose solutions. These are the data:

  2. Characteristics of Life • Read the scenario and, on your answer sheet, underline all of the characteristics of life that the organism shows. • Sharks have many sub-species. This is a result of them evolving over time to fill an available niche. Although sharks do not have bones, they are made of cartilage. They are a multi-celled organism. They reproduce and give birth to live young. They are carnivorous, feeding only on meat. Most sharks are cold-blooded, although a few species are warm-blooded. For both, it is vital that they maintain homeostasis.

  3. Food Chains and Food Webs • Identify a food chain in the food web with four organisms. Write it down. • Plant (P) Grasshopper (1st C)frog (2nd C) owl (3rd C) • Label the producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, and tertiary consumer. • How much energy is transferred between each trophic level? 10% moves up • What is the difference between a food web and a food chain? More complex and realistic

  4. Carbon Cycle • Examine the picture below. Answer the questions that follow. • How does carbon enter the food chain? • CO2 picked up by plants • What two ways are humans negatively impacting the carbon cycle? • burning FF • deforestation • How are nutrient cycles different from energy? • Matter cycles energy travels in one direction

  5. Water Cycle-5 • Examine the picture below. Answer the questions that follow • Record the five steps of the water cycle. • Evaporation • Condensation • Precipitation • Runoff • infiltration • What is it called when water evaporates from living plants? • transpiration

  6. Nitrogen Cycle • Examine the picture. Answer the questions that follow. • What organism is responsible for fixing nitrogen so that it is usable by plants? • bacteria • How do consumers get their nitrogen? • Eat someone • How is nitrogen returned to the soil? • Decomposition or N fixation

  7. Levels of Organization • Species-able to reproduce & produce fertile offspring • Population- same species same area • Community- many populations in same area • Ecosystem- area including both the biotic and abiotic factors (biome= specific ecosystem) • Biosphere-all of planet tha supports life • biotic factor? • Living or formerly living • Populations • Food • Waste • mates • abiotic factor? • Nonliving but needed for living things • Air • Water • Space • temperature

  8. Population Growth • Exponential or J curve • NO limiting factors • Logistic or S curve • K= carrying capacity • Environmental pressures limiting factors • Food • Water • space

  9. Density Dependent versus Independent TORNADO Density dependent • Food competition • Predation • Disease • space Density independent • Storms • fire SPACE FOOD DISEASE PREDATION COMPETITION FIRE

  10. Types of Competition • interspecific competition  between different species • intraspecific competition  between same species • Which picture shows which type of competition? intraspecific competition interspecific competition

  11. Symbiosis • Symbiosis is when two different species live closely together • in mutualism both benefit • In commensalism one benefits and the other is not harmed or helped • This tick is feeding off of a dog. • Parasitism

  12. Succession • Primary Succession • Bare rock is exposed • Pioneer species like moss or lichen grow on rock making soil • Grasses come in • Shrubs come in and are slowly replaced by trees and a then a mature climax community • Lichen is a fungi algae & mutualist that can grow on rock and help form soil

  13. Succession • Secondary Succession • Something happens to an area disrupting and destroying the living things but leaving soil • Grasses and small plants come in • Larger plants shrubs and fast growing trees come in as do more animals • A mature, climax community develops • Secondary succession starts with soil while primary succession starts with bare rock

  14. Succession • Secondary succession occurs faster because soil is already present (soil takes a looooong time to form) • Primary succession would occur after a volcanic eruption • Secondary succession would occur after a man-made or natural disaster like a fire or clear cutting Forest Fire Clear Cutting (deforestation) Volcanic Eruption

  15. Threats to Biodiversity • Biomagnification • Biomagnification is the build up of a persistent toxin within a food chain. • As the toxin moves up the food chain it becomes more and more concentrated • So, the top predator received the most poison

  16. Threats to Biodiversity • The greenhouse effect a good thing because it keeps our planet warm • Global warming may be bad thing and it may be happening faster than normal • Rising sea levels, changing habitats • Burning of fossil fuels, coal, oil and natural gas

  17. Desert • Very hot • Dry • Vegetation includes cacti • animals • Conserve water by little waste • Being nocturnal • plants • Waxy coating to decrease water loss • Spongy inner tissue to store water

  18. Temperate Deciduous Forest-18 • Our biome! • Four seasons • Deciduous and coniferous trees • animal • Hibernate when it is cold • Shed in summer, grow a thick coat in winter • Plant • Lose leaves to save energy in winter with less sunlight • Broad leaves to catch lots of light during summer

  19. Tropical Rainforest • Humid • Wet • Has the most biodiversity! • Rapidly being destroyed! Biodiversity is a variety of living organisms in an area Biodiversity is important because of the beauty, and value of the living organisms for food, medicine and resources

  20. Tundra • Cold, harsh winters • Layer of permafrost • Vegetation cannot grow very tall. • Animals that can live here are tolerant of cold artic fox or have short lifecycles mosquitos • They may migrate to warmer areas, too elk • White fur or feathers acts as camouflage • There is too little soil and water for many plants to grow tall so there are only short plants

  21. Three parts of the cell theory? 1-All living things are made of cells 2-Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living thing 3-All cells come from preexisting cells

  22. Q: Enzymes are what kind of macromolecule? A: Proteins

  23. What kind of macromolecule is this? Is it a mono- di- or polysaccharide?

  24. What are the four types of macromolecules?1. Carbohydrates (CHO)2. Lipids (CHO)3. Proteins (CHON)4. Nucleic acids (CHONP) What does organic mean? Organic compounds contain both carbon and hydrogen.

  25. What kind of macromolecule are fats and oils? LIPIDS Q: What part of the cell is made of lipids? A: Cell membrane

  26. Nucleotide Hydrogen bonds Sugar-phosphate backbone Key Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) Q: What kind of macromolecule is DNA? A: Nucleic Acids

  27. What organism is this? Bacterium Is it pro- or eukaryotic?

  28. What is the tail-like structure called? Nucleus Flagella Rough ER Mitochondrion Golgi body What is the flagellum for? Movement

  29. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Vacuole Ribosome (free) Chloroplast Ribosome (attached) Cell Membrane Nuclear envelope Cell wall Nucleolus Golgi apparatus Nucleus Mitochondrion Rough endoplasmic reticulum What are two things plant cells have but animals cells don’t? What is the function of the chloroplast? Photosynthesis

  30. Structure and Function • Mitochondria: Cite of cellular respiration • Chloroplast: Photosynthesis • Lysosome: Digest macromolecules • Vacuole: Storage of water and minerals • Ribosomes: Site of protein synthesis • Cell membrane: regulates what enters and leaves the cell. • Nucleolus: Ribosomes are made here. • Golgi Body: Package and modify proteins

  31. Which one is the final result of diffusion? Number 2 2 1 Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

  32. Facilitated diffusion uses a protein to carry molecules across the membrane because the molecules are to big to diffuse by themselves.

  33. What kind of cellular transport requires the use of ATP energy? Active transport It require ATP energy because it transports molecules against the concentration gradient.

  34. What is happening in endocytosis? Molecules are being actively transported into the cell.

  35. G1 phase S phase G2 phase Interphase and Mitosis are the two parts of the cell cycle. DNA is replicated during the S-phase of interphase?

  36. Chromosome DNA double helix Coils In order from big to small: Cell, nucleus, chromosome, DNA .

  37. In mitosis, a parent cell divides to form how many daughter cells? Two In mitosis, what kind of daughter cells are formed? Identical diploid cells

  38. A cell before it does mitosis is in what phase? Interphase

  39. What phase of mitosis is this? Metaphase What phase of mitosis is next? Anaphase

  40. What phase of mitosis is this? Anaphase What phase of mitosis is next? telophase

  41. What is this structure? What are some things ATP is used for in a cell?

  42. Q: When energy is made by a reaction, is it exergonic or endergonic? A: Exergonic In an exergonic reaction, is ATP made or used up? made

  43. Light Energy Chloroplast CO2 + H2O Sugars + O2 What is the process in the picture? Photosynthesis Reactants “input” Product “output” What are the reactants of this process

  44. What are the products of photosynthesis? Glucose and oxygen 6H20 + 6CO2 = 6O2 + C6H12O6 C6H12O6 is glucose sugar?

  45. This is a mitochondrion In eukaryotic organisms, cellular respiration occurs here.

  46. Glucose Krebs cycle Electrontransport Glycolysis Alcohol or lactic acid Fermentation (without oxygen) What is the goal of cellular respiration? What is the word that means without oxygen? Anaerobic

  47. Glucose Krebs cycle Electrontransport Glycolysis Alcohol or lactic acid Fermentation (without oxygen) What are the products of respiration? What process happens only in anaerobic conditions? Fermentation

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