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THE MIDDLE AGES 500-1200 AD

THE MIDDLE AGES 500-1200 AD. The Dark Ages. Early Middle Ages- few advances or developments Why: Invasions, language barriers and decline in: trade, education, population, cities Europe goes from one government (Rome) to many that change frequently with wars. The Franks.

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THE MIDDLE AGES 500-1200 AD

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  1. THE MIDDLE AGES 500-1200 AD

  2. The Dark Ages Early Middle Ages- few advances or developments Why: Invasions, language barriers and decline in: trade, education, population, cities Europe goes from one government (Rome) to many that change frequently with wars

  3. The Franks Germanic people in central Europe Clovis- leader, converted to Christianity

  4. Charles Martel ruler of the Franks in 719 AD expanded kingdom, defeated Muslims After Martel, the Pope names Pepin (Martel’s son) king- began Carolingian rule.

  5. Charlemagne b/cm king in 771 largest empire since Rome crowned emperor set up counties, ruled by a count (wealthy noble) The count collected taxes, tolls, built forts, led armies stressed education- schools in monasteries.

  6. Charlemagne crowned by the Pope

  7. Monasteries and Convents Religious communities est. by the Church *Monasteries- ran by monks *Convents- ran by nuns *Religious centers w/ schools & libraries Pope Gregory I – declared Church was responsible for all Christianity

  8. NEW INVADERS The Vikings from Scandinavia aka Northmen or Norsemen worshipped war gods (Odin, Thor) attacked Cent. Europe w/ “longboats” (go up rivers to shallow water) experts - long sword & battle axe took land in Iceland, France and England colonies in Iceland, Greenland and Russia

  9. Toward the end of the 8th century CE, Viking seafarers from what we now call Norway (A), Denmark (B), and Sweden (C) embarked on a series of daring voyages for trade, colonization, and sometimes even plunder. Over the next 250 years, they planted settlements in Europe — from the British Isles (D) and France (E) to Italy (F) and Russia (G). Vikings from Norway, in particular, became the first Europeans, ever, to establish a passage across the Atlantic to North America. They did it in stages, setting up bases, as they went, in the Shetland Islands (H), Faroe Islands (I), Iceland (J), Greenland (K), and — for just a few years — in the place they called Vinland (L).

  10. The Vikings 1000 AD - Leif Erikson led settlers to North America (Canada), they called it Vinland Vikings lived in N. America about 10 years, 500 years before Columbus

  11. The Magyars great horseback riders - fierce warriors from the East (Hungary) attacked towns & monasteries took slaves

  12. Europe Looks for Help Invaders caused panic - people looked for protection – turned to local kings

  13. FEUDALISM Political / social system King granted a fief (land) to nobles (lords) for services, loyalty, protection Nobles granted land to knights for protection Knights granted land to peasants for service

  14. CHIVALRY Code of conduct and ideals- including loyalty, bravery, purity, kindness, honesty, generosity Fight for God, his king, lord and lady Rules for fighting, treating prisoners and treating women Women worshipped Troubadours praised women in poems & songs.

  15. CHIVALRY

  16. FEUDALISM KNIGHTHOOD- began training age 7, b/cm squire at age 15 Care for horses, learn to fight, clean armor & weapons, cook, serve *Laziness punished w/ beatings Older knight “dubbed” young knight Knights would fight for their lords

  17. Tournaments for practice Competitions in sword, axe, mace Jousting most popular

  18. Each knight had a Coat of Arms

  19. FEUDALISM SERFS- bound to the land, could not leave Worked the fields, built roads, bridges, fences, castles Made payments to the lords for protection Harsh life - long days Ate bread, some vegetables Animals pulled in the house at night Disease, life expectancy- 35.

  20. THE CASTLE Built for defense from invaders High walls- could be 8-12 ft. thick Towers for observation Villagers, food & animals brought inside during attacks

  21. Castle Siege attack on a castle could take weeks Weapons- siege tower, battering ram, trebuchet and mangonel Items shot over the walls- pots of burning lime, boulders, human heads, diseased cows, dead horses, prisoners

  22. THE CHURCH Headed by the Pope or Pontiff -Papacy- office of the Pope (Cardinals, Archbishops) -Clergy- church officials -Bishops- supervised priests -Priests- performed marriages, baptisms, mass, sacraments -Tithe- 1/10 of income -Canon Law- law of the Church.

  23. Power of the Pope The Pope could use: • Excommunication- kicked out of the Church • Interdiction- ban sacraments • Deposition- declare a king is no longer king

  24. HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE Otto I (Otto the Great) (936-973) ruled Germany & Italy, supported by the Pope, defended the empire Kings & Popes Collide in power struggle Pope Gregory VII vs. King Henry IV Pope banned Henry from appointing Church officials Henry called the Pope a “false monk”. Henry excommunicated, waited 3 days in snow before forgiven. Pope more powerful

  25. PROBLEMS IN THE CHURCH Priest marrying, having children (out of wedlock) Selling church positions Bribery Kings appointing bishops Gambling, drinking, illiteracy

  26. CHURCH REFORMS Education Banned marriage for clergy Oath of celibacy Friars (traveling monks) spread the word of God

  27. The Rise of Islam Islam Muhammad: Founder of Islam Islam: "surrender to Allah“ Muslims: followers "those who submit to god's will"    Quran: holy book - writings/expressions of Muhammad

  28. Islam Five Pillars of Islam *”There is only 1 God and His name is Allah” *prayer facing Mecca – 5 times a day       *give to the poor                      *fasting during Ramadan                *hajj - pilgrimage to Mecca

  29. Islam Jihad: a "holy war" Muhammad and his successive caliphs (Muslim rulers) waged “jihad” to spread Islam over Persian Empire, Egypt, India, North Africa, Spain 1453 - conquered Constantinople took control of the Eastern Roman Empire  Islamic Empire: Muslim countries threatened to crush Christian Europe

  30. THE CRUSADES- “HOLY WARS” The Pope declared war on “infidels” (Turks & Muslims) who occupied Holy Land/Jerusalem Pope hoped the knights would stop fighting each other & fight the Muslims

  31. THE CRUSADES- “HOLY WARS” First Crusade (1097) 50,000+ knights marched to Constantinople wearing red crosses 2nd attack captured Jerusalem, Edessa, Tripoli and Antioch Second Crusade Edessa fell into Muslim control Christians lose Jerusalem

  32. THE CRUSADES- “HOLY WARS” Third Crusade “The Three Kings Crusade” -Philip Augustus - France -Frederick I “Barbarossa” - Germany -Richard the Lion-Hearted - England tried to recapture Jerusalem. Philip went home - Barbarossa drowned - Richard fights Muslim king Saladin. Christians gain the right to visit the Jerusalem 5 later Crusades most unsuccessful.

  33. THE CRUSADES

  34. TOWNS AND TRADE AGRICULTURAL BOOM Europe warms horses plow 2Xs faster than oxen 3-field system- plant 2/3, let 1/3 rest More food – more people

  35. The 3 field system OR “Crop rotation”

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