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The Roman Poor 1. Returned from war to find their farms were ___sold___ for unpaid ____taxes___

The Roman Poor 1. Returned from war to find their farms were ___sold___ for unpaid ____taxes___ 2. Moved to the ____city___ to look for jobs 3. Sold their ___votes____ to make money and became __poorer_____. B. Tiberius Gracchus 1. Tried to _give public land to the poor ___

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The Roman Poor 1. Returned from war to find their farms were ___sold___ for unpaid ____taxes___

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  1. The Roman Poor • 1. Returned from war to find their farms were ___sold___ for unpaid ____taxes___ • 2. Moved to the ____city___ to look for jobs • 3. Sold their ___votes____ to make money and became __poorer_____

  2. B. Tiberius Gracchus • 1. Tried to _give public land to the poor ___ • 2. Was killed in a ___riot____ started by the _patrician_____ senators

  3. The Roman Poor • 1. C. Gaius Gracchus • 1. Was elected ___tribune___ in ___123_______ B.C.E. • 2. Lowered price of ___grain_____ for the __poor_____ • 3. Patricians stopped the __reform_____ movement

  4. D. Military Leaders • 1. Marius formed an army from _the poor___ , and won in __North Africa__ and _Gaul__ • 2. __Lucius Sulla___ defeated Marius and made himself ___dictator____ • 3. The First ___Triumvirate___ ruled Rome together for less than ____ten_____ years

  5. V. Section 5: The End of the Republic A. Julius Caesar,Crassus_,Pompey=1stTriumvirate • 1. Had more power than the _Senate___ • 2. Made __dictator____ for life in 44 B.C. • 3. On March 15, 44 B.C., _Senators___ assassinated him

  6. B. Second Triumvirate • 1. Included __Octavian____ , __Mark Anthony___ , and ___Marcus Lepidus____ • 2. __ Octavian _____ declared war on Mark Antony and __Cleopatra__________ , who killed themselves • 3. __ Octavian __ became Rome’s first emperor

  7. Augustus Caesar 1. Began the _____second great period of Roman history___________________________________________________ • 2. Built _new temples______ , _theaters____ , _public buildings____ , ___roads__ , and a • large _aqueduct___

  8. B. Government • 1. The provinces___ were the lands outside of Italy, and were _divided____ into • two groups • 2. The __senate____ controlled the __older_____ provinces • 3. The __emperor____ controlled the ___newer___ provinces on the frontier

  9. C. PaxRomana • 1. Means __Roman Peace__ • 2. During this time, people led __civilized___ lives

  10. II. Section 2: Governing the Roman Empire (pp. 194-198) • A. Emperors • 1. __Tiberius___ was the adopted son of Augustus • 2. _Caligula_____ was thought by some to be ___insane___ , or ill in his mind • 3. Claudius was chosen by __guards___ • 4. __Nero____ played the lyre and thought of himself as ____an artist_____

  11. 5. When __Trajan___ ruled, Rome reached its greatest size • 6. Hadrian passed laws that protected ___women__ , ___children__ , and __slaves___ • 7. __Marcus Aurelius____ became a soldier, and let in ___invaders__ because he wanted • _peace_____

  12. B. Empire Declined • 1. Because its ___government___ never found a way to _____choose a new emperor__ • 2. Because it had too little _money_____ due to its __wars___ • 3. Because a __plague___ hit the empire

  13. Forum A bustling center of political consumer market life, it was an ideal place for dramatic speeches.

  14. Latifundia Rich landowners lived on huge estate

  15. Problems in the Republic The Rich landowners (Latifundia) were taking farms left untended by soldiers serving in the army. Slaves captured during the wars had to work The latifundia’s Small farmers found it difficult to compete with large estates that were run by slaves and these farmers had to work as seasonal migrant laborers or move to the cities to find jobs. The wealthy became corrupt which causes tension between the social classes (discontent arose among the slaves and resentment among the poor.

  16. Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus Tiberius Gracchus attempted to organize a fairer distribution of land, his brother Gaius tried to integrate the peoples of Italy into the Roman state. Both - despite being the elected representatives of the people (tribunes) were murdered by senators, fearful that their ancient privileges were being eroded.

  17. Civil war in Rome 88-82 BCE Marius opens the army to all citizens. But his new army is loyal to him personally rather than to the state. For the first time the army is used by an individual to short-circuit traditional political methods.(The Roman army consist of paid soldier or slaves; not citizen soldiers

  18. Sulla As a consul, he (Marius) promised recruits land in exchange for their service (Africa) and was rejected by the Senate. Civil war erupted and Gen Sulla restored order.

  19. Julius Caesar 100-44BCE The government was in a state of collapse, and so he joined Crassus and Pompey to form the First Triumvirate – which means rule by three men. In 59 B.C. Caesar was elected to the highest office, that of consul.

  20. Caesar was appointed governor of northern Italy and southern France The Celtic tribes of Gaul were conquered and the country incorporated into the Roman Empire. Invading tribes from Germany were hurled back, and when they persisted in returning, Caesar crossed the Rhine and taught them a severe lesson. Soon after this he embarked on his most exciting venture: the invasion of Britain.

  21. the Senate was frightened of Caesar's power and distrusted him. The Senate now joined forces with Caesar's old ally, Pompey, in order to seize power from Caesar. They sought to impose severe restrictions on him, and ordered him to come to Rome alone, unarmed, and stripped of all his offices. "Aleaiactaest", quoted as "Let the die be cast" or "Let the dice fly high."

  22. Julius Caesar and the 23rd Legion he crossed the river Rubicon The Senate had been disobeyed and civil war had begun. In Italy Caesar's old soldiers flocked to join him. Pompey, seeing that he could not overcome Caesar in Italy, fled to Greece. Pompey fled to Egypt, but the Egyptian king, Ptolemy, seeing which way the wind was blowing, had him murdered. When Caesar arrived a few weeks later, he was (to his utter disgust) presented with Pompey's mummified head

  23. Caesar now occupied himself with Egyptian affairs. Ptolemy was deposed and his sister, Cleopatra, made queen. A romantic attachment developed between the old soldier and the beautiful young queen, and Caesar dallied in Egypt still longer. Then at last Caesar returned to Rome. He was now undisputed master of the civilized world. He was made dictator for life and was even regarded as one of the gods

  24. The Ides of March (middle or 15th) The Senate thought he was going to abolish the republican form of government and make himself king. Several of these men became so alarmed that they plotted together to murder Caesar. On the Ides of March (15th) 44 BC Caesar arrived at the Senate. At a given signal the conspirators gathered round and plunged their daggers into his body.(23 times)(“Et tu Brute?”)

  25. Et Tu Brute http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=aotwbcPn3T4

  26. http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia_of_history/J/Julius_Caesar.htmlhttp://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia_of_history/J/Julius_Caesar.html

  27. http://www.the-romans.co.uk/gracchi.htm

  28. http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/caesar.html

  29. The Legends of History : Historical Illustrations featuring themes of War & Civilization & an Outline of History by Howard David Johnson

  30. Ancient Italy: The Ancient Roman World

  31. http://www.unrv.com/fall-republic/crossing-the-rubicon.php

  32. http://home.comcast.net/~DiazStudents/whistory_units1.htm

  33. The Second Triumvirate Octavian, Marc Antony, and Lepidus. Second three-man ruling group to rule Rome, formed to fill the void in government left by Julius Caesar's death. When Antony became involved with Cleopatra and decided to fight Rome, Octavian played a part in defeating Antony's forces. Once Antony was out of the way and Lepidus was forced to retire, Octavian was free to become Augustus Caesar. (next slide Actium 31BCE)

  34. The new title of Octavian = Augustus (“exalted one”) OctaviusThurinus, he was adopted by his great-uncle Gaius Julius Caesar in 44 BC, The rule of Augustus initiated an era of relative peace known as the PaxRomana, or Roman peace. (207 years)

  35. 2nd Emperor Tiberius (adopted son of Augustus) In his will Tiberius left the empire to both Caligula and Tiberius Gemellus, but soon after becoming Emperor, Caligula had Tiberius' will declared void and soon had Gemellus killed

  36. 1st bad Emperor Caligula 37–41 • Mentally disturbed • Assassinated after short, brutal reign

  37. 2nd bad emperor = Nero 54–68 • Good administrator but vicious • Murdered many • Persecuted Christians • Committed suicide

  38. 3rd bad emperor = Domitian • 81–96 • Ruled dictatorially • Feared treason everywhere and executed many • Assassinated

  39. 1st Good Emperors = Nerva 96-98 Began custom of adopting heir

  40. 2nd good Emperor = Trajan 98-117 Empire reached its greatest extent • Undertook vast building program • Enlarged social welfare

  41. 3rd good emperor = Hadrian 117–138 • Consolidated earlier conquests • Reorganized the bureaucracy

  42. 4th good emperor = Antoninus Pius 138–161 • Reign largely a period of peace and prosperity

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