TEACHING READING

1. TEACHING READING ENGLISH METHODOLOGY II PROF: R. Correa I Semester 2008

2. INTERACTIVE SOCIOGOGNITIVE PROCESS TEXT READER SOCIALCONTEXT

3. From the parts to the whole. Overall construction of meaning from connected or whole texts IS THERE ANY OPTIMAL WAY TO TEACH READING?

4. Part Centered Code-emphasis Bottom up Socio-phsycho-linguistic Meaning-emphasis Top-down From the parts to the whole/Overall constrution of meaning

5. The bottom up view of Reading • It was influenced by behavorist psychology of the 50s’ some patterns of language are reinforced. • Today, • bottom up is associated to phonics ( match letters with sounds).

6. The bottom up view of Reading Reading is considered a linear process by which readers decode a text word by word, linking the words into phrases and then sentences. ( Gray and Rogers 1956) Textual comprehension involves adding the meaning of words to get the meaning of clauses.

7. The bottom up view of Reading Most activities are based on recognition and recall of lexical and grammatical forms. It requires a strong emphasis on repetition and on drills using the sounds that make up words.

8. The top-down view of Reading • In the 1960’s a paradigm shift occured in the cognitive sciences. • Behaviorism became somehow discredited as the new cognitive theory represented the mind´s innate capacity for learning. • This gave new explanatory to how humans acquired their first language and produced and impact in the field of ESL/EFL

9. The top-down view of Reading • The emphasis on meaning -Ausebel 1968, meaningful learning – informed the top-down approach. • In this view , Reading is not just extracting meaning from a text, but a process of connecting information in the text with the knowledge the reader brings to the act of reading.

10. The top-down view of Reading • Reading is a matter of making sense of written language rather than decoding print sound ( Smith 1994) • We draw on our own intelligence and experience to understand a text (Brown 2001)

11. The top-down view of Reading Schema theory • How do readers construct meaning? • How do they decide what to hold on to? • How do they infer writer’s message?

12. The top-down view of Reading • Schema theory: It describes how the the background knowledge of the learner interacts with the reading task and illustrates how a student’s knowledge and previous experience with the world is crucial to deciphering a text.

13. Schema theory and the reading process • Schema theory is based on the notion that past experiences lead to the creation of mental frameworks that help us make sense of new experiences.(Nunan,1999) • A reader comprehends a message when he is able to bring to mind a schema that gives account of the objects and events described in the message( Anderson 1994)

14. Schema theory and the reading process • A learner’s schemata will restructure itself to accomodate new information as that information is added to the system (Ommaggio 1993)

15. Schema theory and the reading process Content and formal schemata • FS: knowledgeabout the structure of a text. • CS: knowledge about the subject matter of a text. CS and FS enables students to predict events and meaning as well as to infer meaning from a wider context.

16. Schema theory to L2 reading • Select texts that are relevant to the students needs , preferences, individual differences and cultures • After selecting the text, follow the three stages that are used to activate and build students’ schemata: Pre, While and Post reading actvities

17. Schema theory to L2 reading • While schema activation and building can occur in all three stages , the pre-reading stage deserves special attention since it is here where their schemata will be achieved

18. Pre-reading activities • To activate existing schemata • To build new schemata • To provide information to the teacher about what the students know Devices for bridging the gap between the text’s content and the reader’s schema(Chen and Graves 1995)

19. Pre-reading activities • Formal schemata will be activated by using devices such as advance organizers and overviews to draw attention to the structure of the text. • Content schemata will be activated by using various pre-reading activities to help learners brainstorm and predict how how the information fits in with their previous knowledge.

20. Pre-reading activities • Predicting • Previewing • Semantic mapping • Reconciled reading lesson

21. The Interactive Model (IM) • This model considers the interaction between bottom-up and top-down processing skills. • The IM acknowledges that lower level processing skills are essential for fluent and accurate reading.

22. The Interactive Model (IM) • It emphasizes that as bottom –up becomes more automatic , higher-. level skills will become more engaged. • Efficient and effective readers entails both processes interacting simultaneously.

23. To think about… • Relying too much on either top-down or bottom up processing may cause problems for beginning ESL/EFL readers. • To develop reading abilities both approaches should be considered, as the interactive approach suggests.

24. GOOD READERS

25. GOOD READERS: • Read extensively • Integrate information in the text with existing knowledge • Have a flexible reading style, depending on what they are reading

26. GOOD READERS: • Are motivated • Rely on different skills interacting: perceptual processing, phonemic processing, recall • Read for a purpose; reading serves a function

27. Reading Comprehension Reader skills and strategies type of text reading purpose

28. Strategies for Developing Reading Skills • Previewing • Predicting • Skimming and scanning • Guessing from context • Use semantic mapping • Distinguish between literal and implied meanings • Capitalize on discourse markers to process reationships • Paraphrasing

29. TYPES OF CLASSROOM READING PERFORMANCE • Oral Silent • Intensive Extensive Linguistic Content Skimming Scanning Global

30. How to promote Reading Strategies? BEFORE READING: Plan for the reading task • Decide in advance what to read for • Decide if more linguistic or background knowledge is needed • Determine whether to enter the text from the top down ( overall meaning) or from the bottom up (focus on the words and phrases)

31. How to promote Reading Strategies? During and After Reading: Monitor comprehension • Verify predictions and check for inaccurate guesses • Decide what is and is not important to understand • Reread to check comprehension

32. How to promote Reading Strategies? After Reading: Evaluate comprehension and strategy use • Evaluate comprehension in a particular task or area • Evaluate overall progress in reading and in particular types of reading tasks • Decide if the strategies used were appropriate for the purpose and for the task • Modify strategies if necessary

33. Principles for designing interactive reading techniques • Don’t overlook the importance of specific instructions. • Use motivating techniques • Balance authenticity and readability in choosing texts • Encourage reading strategies • Include both bottom-up and top-down techniques

34. Principles for designing interactive reading techniques • Follow the “SQ3R” ( survey, question.read,recite, review) • Subdivide yourtechniques into pre,while and after reading phases. • Build in some evaluative aspects to your techniques.

35. Responses that indicate comprehension • Doing • Choosing • Transferring • Answering • Condensing • Extending • Duplicating • Modeling • Conversing

36. There are worse crimes than burning books. One of them is not reading them. Joseph Brodsky, Russianpoet Nobel Prize in Literature (1987)