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语音学入门第九讲 印欧语的语音 及其演变

语音学入门第九讲 印欧语的语音 及其演变. 朱 磊 上海外国语大学语言研究院. 1 语音的变化. 共时( synchronic )变化 历时( diachronic )变化 共时变化与历时变化的关系. 2 历史比较语言学. 英语史 汉语史 ……. 古英语语法 现代汉语词汇学 ……. 语言类型学 ( linguistic typology ) 对比语言学 ( contrastive linguistics ). 历史比较语言学 ( historical comparative linguistics ). 历史比较语言学的基本原则和方法.

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语音学入门第九讲 印欧语的语音 及其演变

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  1. 语音学入门第九讲印欧语的语音及其演变 朱 磊 上海外国语大学语言研究院

  2. 1 语音的变化 • 共时(synchronic)变化 • 历时(diachronic)变化 • 共时变化与历时变化的关系

  3. 2 历史比较语言学 英语史 汉语史 …… 古英语语法 现代汉语词汇学 …… 语言类型学 (linguistic typology) 对比语言学 (contrastive linguistics) 历史比较语言学 (historical comparative linguistics)

  4. 历史比较语言学的基本原则和方法 • 语言符号的任意性 • 谱系树模型(tree model)与波浪模型(wave model) • 构拟(reconstruction)

  5. 3 印欧语假说 The Sanskrit language, whatever be its antiquity, is of a wonderful structure; more perfect than the Greek, more copious than the Latin, and more exquisitely refined than either, yet bearing to both of them a stronger affinity, both in the roots of verbs and in the forms of grammar, than could possibly have been produced by accident; so strong indeed, that no philologer could examine them all three, without believing them to have sprung from some common source, which, perhaps, no longer exists: there is a similar reason, though not quite so forcible, for supposing that both the Gothic and the Celtic, though blended with a very different idiom, had the same origin with the Sanskrit; and the old Persian might be added to the same family, if this were the place for discussing any question concerning the antiquities of Persia. William Jones (1746-1794)

  6. 印欧语谱系树

  7. 印欧语构拟 • Swadesh词表 一百词表 两百词表

  8. 4 印欧语语音的演变规律 • 例1 格林定律

  9. Sanskrit: मधु (madhu) Greek: μέθυ (methu) English: mead bʰ → b → p → f dʰ → d → t → θ gʰ → g → k → x gʷʰ → gʷ → kʷ → xʷ

  10. 格林定律的例外情况

  11. 4 印欧语语音的演变规律 *k, *g, *gʰ *ʂ, *s, *ɕ • 例2 Centum语言和Satem语言 *kʷ, *gʷ, *gʷʰ *k, *g, *gʰ *ḱ, *ǵ, *ǵʰ

  12. 现代印欧语中Centum语言和Satem语言的分界线

  13. 4 印欧语语音的演变规律 • 例3 英语元音大转移

  14. 4 印欧语语音的演变规律 • 例4 印欧语r音的变迁 radio:[ˈɹeɪdiəʊ] (英) [ˈʁadio] (法) [ˈʀadio] (德) [ˈradʲio] (俄 радио)

  15. 挪威(青年人) 挪威(老年人)

  16. 4 印欧语语音的演变规律 • 新语法学派(Junggrammatiker;neogrammarians) 语音变化无例外?

  17. 说话人 听话人 5 语音演变的生理、声学和感知基础 • 发音方便 • 声学特征相似 • 感知与心理

  18. R音的演变机制 Constriction 1 Constriction 2

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