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State Building and the Search for Order in the Seventeenth Century

Chapter 15 Advanced Placement European History. State Building and the Search for Order in the Seventeenth Century. Overview of the Chapter. Growing secularism, declining religion Seventeenth century seen as turning point in modern state system. Overview of the Chapter.

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State Building and the Search for Order in the Seventeenth Century

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  1. Chapter 15 Advanced Placement European History State Building and the Search for Order in the Seventeenth Century John 3:16

  2. Overview of the Chapter • Growing secularism, declining religion • Seventeenth century seen as turning point in modern state system John 3:16

  3. Overview of the Chapter • United Christian Europe gives way to • Secular states • Secular politics • Secular intellectualism • Religious wars gave religion less credibility John 3:16

  4. Overview (cont) • A yearning for order • Absolute monarchies, or absolutism, was a means to order • King Louis XIV John 3:16

  5. Overview (cont) • King Louis XIV is seen as perfect example of absolutism • Said to love “truth, justice, order, and reason” • Also said to be vain • Absolute and limited monarchies were the two opposite poles of state building John 3:16

  6. Overview-Two Poles of State Building • Western Europe • France, best example • Unquestionable control and power over all aspects of government • England • Limited by representative assemblies • Limited control and power over government Absolute Monarchy Limited Monarchy John 3:16

  7. Economic conditions Population trends Temperature reduction War Famine Plague Social Crises, War, and Rebellions John 3:16

  8. Social Crises, War, and Rebellions • Europe was facing financial decline • Fewer imports of silver • Across the board for all countries • Population increase • Warmer climate • More food production • First major recovery since “Black Death” of mid 14th century John 3:16

  9. Social Crises, War, and Rebellions • War, famine, and plague continued to effect populations • Little Ice Age after mid 16th century limited harvests and caused famines • All problems created social tensions peeking during the witchcraft craze John 3:16

  10. The Witchcraft Craze • Hysteria effected Europeans in 16th and 17th centuries • England, Scotland, Switzerland, Germany, France, New England (America) John 3:16

  11. The Witchcraft Craze • Witchcraft part of villages for centuries • Medieval churches began to link witches with the devil…not Biblically acceptable • Enforcement turned over to secular authorities John 3:16

  12. The Spread of Witchcraft • Increased numbers from 16th to 17th centuries • Perhaps 100,000 people prosecuted • Cities first then spread to rural areas John 3:16

  13. The Spread of Witchcraft • Torture forced confession • Incantations, special ointments, and powders to wreak havoc on neighbors were part of confessions John 3:16

  14. The Spread of Witchcraft • Religious passions of Protestantism verses Catholicism—one side accused the other of being in league with the devil • Where controversies raged or where Protestantism was recently victorious John 3:16

  15. The Spread of Witchcraft • Social conditions as major reason: • New economic ethic—self sufficiency • More fearful of growing numbers of poor • Psychologically, the poor became agents of the devil John 3:16

  16. The Spread of Witchcraft • Old women thought to sell potions and other remedies to survive were handy scapegoats • Women seen as inferior-- becoming witches for pleasure seeking John 3:16

  17. The Spread of Witchcraft • Women held in low esteem • Judges were biased against women • Nicholas Remy (judge), “…not unreasonable that this scum of humanity (witches) should be drawn chiefly from the feminine sex” John 3:16

  18. The Spread of Witchcraft • Most theologians, lawyers, and philosophers believed in early modern Europe believed in natural inferiority of women • Found it plausible for women to be witches John 3:16

  19. Decline of Witchcraft • Fewer magistrates willing to accept the divisive conditions of the trials • People found it contrary to reason to accept the old view of a world haunted by spirits John 3:16

  20. The Thirty Years’ War • The first half of the 17th century was plagued by crises • A devastating war effected much of Europe • Another war fomented by religious differences John 3:16

  21. The Thirty Years War • Called the “last of the religious wars” (1618-1648) • Europe wide struggle • Some historians consider it part of Bourbon (France) and Habsburg (Spain) and Holy Roman Empire struggles John 3:16

  22. The Thirty Years’ War • Peace of Augsburg ended religious warfare but Lutherans and Catholics continued to struggle for control of principalities John 3:16

  23. The Thirty Years War • Peace of Augsburg had not recognized rights of Calvinists • Some German states had adopted Calvinism John 3:16

  24. The Thirty Years’ War • The Calvinist ruler of the Palatinate, Elector Palatine Frederick IV, formed the Protestant Union—a league of German Protestant states • Duke Maximilian of Bavaria countered with the Catholic League John 3:16

  25. The Thirty Years’s War • By 1609, Germany was dividing into two armed camps • Anticipating religious war John 3:16

  26. The Thirty Years War • Exacerbated by constitutional issues • Hapsburg emperors wanted to consolidate authority with Holy Roman Empire • Resisted by German princes—concerned about “German liberties” • Hapsburg looked to Spain for help, ruled by another branch of the Hapsburg family • German princes looked to France for help, the enemies of Spain John 3:16

  27. The Thirty Years’ War • The divisions in the Holy Roman Empire and Europe made almost inevitable that war would be widespread and tough to stop • The war was generally divided into four phases John 3:16

  28. The Bohemian Phase The Thirty Years War John 3:16

  29. The Bohemian Phase • 1618-1625 • One of four phases • Bohemian states soon became unhappy with Archduke Ferdinand • Many nobles were Calvinists • Ferdinand was a Catholic • He fostered re-Catholicizing Bohemia • Wanted to strengthen royal power John 3:16

  30. The Bohemian Phase • Bohemian states originally accept Hapsburg Archduke Ferdinand as king • Ferdinand was Catholic, but many Bohemian nobles were Calvinists • Ferdinand began to reprocess Catholicism and garner increased royal power John 3:16

  31. The Bohemian Phase • Protestant nobles rebel in 1618 • Threw two Hapsburg governors and a secretary out the window of the royal castle in Prague • The seat of the Bohemian government • They survived the fall • Catholics story: Intercession of Mary • Protestants story: They fell into manure pile John 3:16

  32. The Bohemian Phase • Bohemian rebels deposed Ferdinand • Elected Palatinate, Elector Frederick V, head of Protestant Union • Ferdinand, elected Holy Roman Emperor, refused to accept his disposition • The imperial forces (Ferdinand) defeated Frederick and the Bohemian nobles at the Battle of White Mountain John 3:16

  33. The Bohemian Phase • Spanish troops go on to conquer the Palatinate • Frederick flees into exile • Contemporary Prague John 3:16

  34. The Bohemian Phase (cont) • The Spanish took control of the western part of Platinate—gaining access route from Italy to Netherlands—renewed attacks on the Dutch • Maximilian took the rest of territory • Ferdinand declared Bohemia a hereditary Habsburg possession and established Catholicism as sole religion John 3:16

  35. The Bohemian Phase • Ferdinand confiscates land of Protestant nobles • Spanish renew their attack on Dutch • At this point, Catholicism seemed on the road to victory John 3:16

  36. The Danish Phase The Thirty Years War John 3:16

  37. The Danish Phase • The Second Phase, 1624-1629 • King Christian IV of Denmark led an army into northern Germany • Made anti-Catholic/Habsburg alliance with the United Provinces and England • Christian wanted some Catholic territories in Northern Germany to benefit family John 3:16

  38. The Danish Phase • Albrecht von Wallenstein, Bohemian nobleman, defeated Protestants at Dessau • Wallenstein had won confidence of Ferdinand and had become rich in the process • Christian IV defeated by Catholic League under Count Tilly • Christian suffers even greater loss from Wallenstein the following year • Meant the end of Danish supremacy in the Baltic John 3:16

  39. The Danish Phase (cont) • Imperial Ferdinand II at height of power • Issued Edict of Restitution • Prohibited Calvinist worship and restored property taken by Protestant princes the past 75 years • Dismissed Wallenstein because princes feared loss of independence John 3:16

  40. The Swedish Phase The Thirty Years War John 3:16

  41. The Swedish Phase • Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, enters war • 1630-1635 • Military genius—brought well trained and equipped army to northern Germany • Devout Lutheran who felt compelled to help fellow Lutheran in Germany • Gustovus killed at Battle of Luten • Swedes defeated at Battle of Nordlingen John 3:16

  42. The Swedish Phase • Gustavus’s forces initially swept into the heart of Germany • Ferdinand recalled Wallenstein for help • The Swedish forces prevail at the Battle of Lutzen, but Gustavus is killed • Ferdinand has Wallenstein assassinated • Swedes are defeated at the Battle of Nordlingen John 3:16

  43. The Swedish Phase (cont) • Battle of Nordlingen guaranteed southern Germany remained Catholic • Emperor agreed to annul Edict of Restitution to make peace with German princes • Swedes wanted to continue • French per Cardinal Richelieu enters war John 3:16

  44. The Franco-Swedish Phase The Thirty Years War John 3:16

  45. The Franco-Swedish Phase • Religion begins to lose significance in the war • Catholic French support Protestant Swedes against Catholic Habsburgs of Germany and Spain • French defeat Spanish at Battle of Rocroi bringing an end to Spanish military greatness • French defeat Bavarian armies • All parties ready for peace and Thirty Years’ War ended by Peace of Westphalia in 1648 John 3:16

  46. The Franco-Swedish Phase • War between France and Spain continued until the Peace of the Pyrenees (1659) • Spain had become second class power • France emerged as the dominant nation of Europe John 3:16

  47. Thirty Years’ War Outcomes • German states free to determine own religion • Territory changes • France gained parts of west Germany and control of Franco-German border • Sweden and German states of Brandenburg and Bavaria gained some German territory John 3:16

  48. Thirty Years’ War Outcomes • Habsburg emperor reduced to figurehead in Holy Roman Empire • Three hundred states of Holy Roman empire were virtually independent • Religion and politics were now separate • Pope ignored in devising Treaty of Westphalia • Religion moved closer to individual matter, not politics John 3:16

  49. The Thirty Years’ War Outcomes • Economic and social outcomes debated • Many parts of Germany devastated, other parts did well • Population declined in Germany 21 to 16 million • Most destructive conflict Europe had yet experienced John 3:16

  50. A Military Revolution • By 17th century, war was larger part of European affairs • Military power essential to rulers reputation and power John 3:16

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