Triumph of Industry 1850 - 1900

1. Triumph of Industry1850 - 1900 Technology and Industrial Growth By Mrs. Brown

2. Bellringer 1: • Make a list of inventions of the period. • Which one was most important to American society? • Give reasons for your choice.

3. Section Focus Question: • How did industrialization and new technology affect the economy and society?

4. Changes in Daily Life • Daily life in 1865 • Indoor electric lighting or refrigeration did not exist. • Ice blocks were sawed out of ponds, packed in sawdust and stored in icehouses. • Mail took 10 days to three weeks to reach from east coast to Midwest to the west. News from Europe to the frontier took months.

5. Natural Resources Fuel Growth • Coal mines along the eastern seaboard provided fuel to power steam locomotives and factories. • Forests provided lumber for construction. • Navigable river ways transported goods

6. First Oil Well • 1859 Edwin Drake drilled the world’s first oil well in Titusville, Pennsylvania. • Before Drake’s invention, oil, was mainly obtained from boiling down whale blubber.

7. http://www.cbsd.org/pennsylvaniapeople/level1_biographies/images/Drake'%201.jpghttp://www.cbsd.org/pennsylvaniapeople/level1_biographies/images/Drake'%201.jpg

8. Capitalism Encourages Entrepreneurs • 1868 Horatio Alger published the novel, Ragged Dick, or Street Life in New York. • It was the rags to riches story of a poor boy who achieved fame and wealth through hard work. • This idea depended on the system of capitalism. • Heroes of the system were entrepreners.

9. 2. Daily life in 1900 Phonograph • The patent and trademark office issued 36,000 patents between 1790 and 1860. • Between 1860 and 1890 500,000 patents were issued for inventions such as the typewriter, sewing machine and phonograph. http://inventors.about.com/bledison.htm

10. Thomas Edison • Edison did not invent the light bulb but improved on a 50-year-old idea. • 1876 Edison, supported by industrialist like J.P. Morgan established a research library at Menlo Park, New Jersey

11. Thomas Edison • Edison had only a few months of formal education would receive more than 1000 patents for new inventions http://www.nndb.com/people/333/000022267/

12. Thomas Edison • European investors and American business leaders began to invest heavily in new inventions. • By 1900 Americans’ standard of living was among the highest in the world as was the nation’s industrial productivity.

13. Railroads Improve Transportation • The Transcontinental Railroad • The transcontinental railroad was the key event in the great improvement of the rail business after the Civil War. (Extending coast to coast) • Government involvement was vital. • The federal government awarded huge loans and land grants to two private companies. http://www.utahcrossroads.org/F1097_09.htm

14. The Central Pacific Railroad began moving eastward out of Sacramento. • The Union Pacific Railroad began work toward the west in Omaha. • Most of the workers were immigrants: Irish or Chinese • After seven years, On May 10, 1869, the final golden spike was hammer in Promontory Point, Utah. Near Promontory Point http://www.utahcrossroads.org/F1097_16.htm

15. http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/scientists/woods.html 2. Rail Problems and Solutions · By 1870 railroads could carry goods and passengers from coast to coast. ·  Steel rails replaced iron rails, and track gauges and signals became standard. ·  In 1869 George Westinghouse developed more effective air brakes. ·  In 1887 Granville Woods patented a telegraph system for communicating with moving trains. Meatpacker, Gustavus Swift developed refrigerated cars for transporting food. Granville Woods

16. 3. Rail Roads and Time Zones ·  In the 1800s most towns set their clocks independently according to solar time. • In 1884, 27 countries divided the globe into 24 time zones – one for each hour of the day. • The railroad adopted this system. ·   By the end of the century, some 190,000 miles of rails linked businesses and their customers. ·   Shipping costs dropped enormously. ·    In 1865 shipping a barrel of flour from Chicago to New York cost $3.45. In 1895 it cost 68 cents.

17. Advances in Communication • The Telegraph • Samuel F.B. Morse perfected and took out a patent on the telegraph. • Morse devised a code of short and long electrical impulses to represent the letters of the alphabet. • He sent his first message in 1844. Self-Portrait http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bltelegraph.htm

18. 2. The Telephone · Alexander Graham Bell of Scotland patented the “talking telegraph” on March 7, 1876. He had just turned 29. · That same year President Rutherford B. Hayes had a telephone installed at the White House. http://www.picturehistory.com/find/p/14836/mcms.html

19. The Telephone • By 1900, there were more than 100,000 miles of telegraph wire linked across America. • 1896 Guglielmo Marconi invented the wireless telegraph. • Future inventors would develop the radio based on this innovation.

20. Electric Power • Edison, A master of invention • Born in 1847, Edison grew up tinkering with electricity. • Edison’s favorite invention, the phonograph, recorded sounds on metal foil wrapped around a rotating cylinder. • His goal was to develop affordable, in home lighting to replace oil lamps and gaslights. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edmvhm.html

21. 2. Westinghouse and alternating current • ·  1n 1885 George Westinghouse began to experiment with alternating current, which could be produced and transmitted more cheaply and efficiently. • ·  Westinghouse also used a device called a transformer to boost power levels at a station so that electricity could be sent over long distances. http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blwestinghouse.htm

22. ·  Westinghouse’s system made home use of electricity practical. • ·  By the early 1890’s, investors had used Edison’s and Westinghouse’s ideas and inventions to create two companies, general electric and Westinghouse electric. 1st Light – Lighting Main Street http://www.georgewestinghouse.com/1stlight.html

23. 3. Electricity’s Impact on Daily Life • · • Electricity made the refrigerator possible, transformed the world of work and created new jobs. • The electric sewing machine, first made in 1889, led to the rapid growth of the clothing industry. http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blsewing_machine.htm

24. Turning Point: The Bessemer Process • In 1856 in England, Henry Bessemer received the first patent for the Bessemer process. • Steel had long been produced by melting iron, adding carbon, and removing impurities. • The Bessemer process made it much easier and cheaper to remove the impurities.

25. http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blsteel.htm • Steel is lighter, stronger, and more flexible than iron. • The Bessemer process made possible the mass production of steel. • By 1890, the US was outproducing British steel manufacturers. http://www.skyscraperpicture.com/index1.htm

26. The Brooklyn Bridge • The only way to travel between Brooklyn and Manhattan was by ferry across the east river. • John A. Roebling, a German immigrant designed a suspension bridge with thick steel cables suspended from high towers to hold up the main span. http://www.germanheritage.com/biographies/mtoz/roebling.html

27. Brooklyn Bridge • Disasters plagued this massive project. Roebling died, his son then in charge was disabled with “the bends”. Explosions, fires, and dishonest dealings by a greedy steel-cable contractor also occurred. http://www.wirednewyork.com/bridges/brooklyn_bridge/ images/brooklyn_manhattan_bridge_26may02.jpg

28. 2. A symbol of American success • ·  The Brooklyn bridge was completed and opened on may 24, 1883. • ·  Its inventive genius and hard work stood plainly visible for all the world to see.

29. The Impact of Industrialization • Linked World Markets • US exports of grain, steel, and textiles dominated international markets • Changed American Society • Industry altered how Americans lived and worked • Concern about the Environment • 1872 Yellowstone National Park was created in response to concerns