“The Necklace”

1. “The Necklace” POV, Irony, Characterization, and Dialogue

2. “The Necklace” Review • Theme? • Major conflict(s)? • Foreshadowing?

3. POINT OF VIEW

4. Point of View (POV) • Definition: the narrator’s position in relation to the story being told TYPES • First person—I, me, my, our, we—the narrator is directly involved in the story • 2nd person—you, you all (usually in self-help books, guide books, and DIY manuals) • 3rd person—they, he, she, it—the narrator is removed from the action in the story/ not a character (most common POV used in novels, short stories, etc.) • Omniscient—knows thoughts and actions of more than one character; can jump in time and setting to other times/places • Limited—limited to only what is observed/heard; doesn’t know thoughts (except for one character, usually protagonist)

5. Story Application In what POV is “The Necklace” written?

6. Story Application Answer In what POV is “The Necklace” written? Third person omniscient

7. IRONY

8. Irony: A difference between appearances and reality • Verbal Irony—when people say the opposite of what they mean • Understatement is when one minimizes the nature of something • Overstatement is when one exaggerates the nature of something • Situational Irony—when a situation is different than what is expected/what it should be • Dramatic Irony—when the reader/audience knows something a/the character(s) don’t

9. Story Application What is ironic in the story? What type of irony is it?

10. Story Application What is ironic in the story? The necklace is fake. What type of irony is it? Situational irony

11. CHARACTERIZATION

12. Character and Characterization • Characterization—process of revealing personality of a character • Character- a person in a work (sometimes animals are characters) • Ways to reveal character: • Speaking • Appearance • Inner thoughts and feelings • What other characters think/say about the character • Actions • Tell us directly: cruel, kind, sneaky, etc. • Indirect Characterization- (first 5 ways) we have to use our own judgment to decide what a character is like, based on the evidence the writer gives us. • Direct characterization- (#6) we don’t have to decide; we’re told

13. How does the appearance of each character indicate personality?

14. Story Application How is Mathilde characterized: Directly? Indirectly?

15. Story Application How is Mathilde characterized: Directly? Pretty, charming, unhappy Indirectly? Dressed plainly; acts selfish when husband gets her invitation and she uses his $ to buy a dress and when she leaves him at party; determined to pay back debt; prideful in not telling friend she lost it, etc.

16. Protagonist/ Antagonist • PROTAGONIST—The character the story revolves around • ANTAGONIST—The character or force that opposes the protagonist

17. Story Application Who is the protagonist? Who/ what is the antagonist?

18. Story Application Who is the protagonist? Mathilde Who/ what is the antagonist? Her pride; “fate”/ her circumstances

19. Character (continued) • Characters are classified as: • Static- one who does not change much (ex: Zaroff in MDG) • Dynamic- character changes as a result of the story’s events (ex: Rainsford in MDG) • Flat- has only one or two traits (ex: Ivan in MDG) • Round- like a real person, has many different character traits (usually protagonists) • Motivation- the fears or conflicts that drive a character (ex: vengeance, fear, greed, love, boredom) • Motivation plays a role in characterization as well—by analyzing motivation, we can make judgments re: character traits

20. Character Classification Static—always mean Dynamic—changes

21. Story Application Who is static? How? Who is dynamic? How?

22. Story Application Who is static? How? Monsieur Loisel doesn’t change—stays selfless and nice Who is dynamic? How? Madame Loisel—she changes as a result of the hard work she has to do to pay back the debt. She ages rapidly from hard work and stress, and she loses all $ they had when she thought they were poor.

23. Character Classification Flat—just evil Round—stubborn, tender-hearted, playful, loyal, etc.

24. DIALOGUE Will do with “The Cask of Amontillado” next week

25. Dialogue Some vocabulary to know… • Dialogue= character conversation • An essential part of most short stories and novels. It is always better to show or have happen than to explain or to describe, and dialogue is one way to “show” and not “tell.” • Dialogue Tags= identify who is speaking • Examples of common dialogue tags include: I said Sallie yelled She said muttered Janice Fred said said Max Mark commented asked William

26. Dialogue Rule 1 All talking needs to be surrounded by quotation marks ("). "Go to your cupboard - I mean, your bedroom," he wheezed at Harry. The comma has to go inside the quotation marks.

27. Dialogue Rule 2 Instead of using a period at the end of the speech, use a comma if you are going to tell who is talking. "Las' time I saw you, you was only a baby," said the giant. "Yeh look a lot like yer dad, but yeh've got yer mum's eyes.”

28. Dialogue Rule 3 If you use a question mark, you don't need a comma too. "What do they think they're doing, keeping a thing like that locked up in a school?" said Ron finally. "If any dog needs exercise, that one does.”

29. Dialogue Rule 4 If you use an exclamation mark, you don't need to change to a comma. "A stone that makes gold and stops you ever dying!" said Harry. "No wonder Snape's after it! Anyone would want it.”

30. Dialogue Rule 5 If you have interrupted speech, to let the reader know who is speaking, a comma is needed before the break, and after the speaker's name. "Professor," Harry gasped, "your bird - I couldn't do anything - he just caught fire –”

31. Dialogue Rule 6 If someone is thinking about something, but doesn't say it out loud, you can either use quotation marks or not. Either way is acceptable. Of course, he thought bitterly, Uncle Vernon was talking about the stupid dinner party. Rowling chose not to use quotations around Harry's thoughts. She could just have easily used them like this... "Of course," he thought bitterly, "Uncle Vernon was talking about the stupid dinner party.”

32. How does dialogue help the story? Then one evening, her husband came home proudly holding out a large envelope.      “Look,” he said, “I’ve got something for you.”      She excitedly tore open the envelope and pulled out a printed card bearing these words:      “The Minister of Education and Mme. Georges Ramponneau beg M. and Mme. Loisel to do them the honor of attending an evening reception at the Ministerial Mansion on Friday, January 18.”      Instead of being delighted, as her husband had hoped, she scornfully tossed the invitation on the table, murmuring, “What good is that to me?”       “But, my dear, I thought you’d be thrilled to death. You never get a chance to go out, and this is a real affair, a wonderful one! I had an awful time getting a card. Everybody wants one; it’s much sought after, and not many clerks have a chance at one. You’ll see all the most important people there.”

33. How does dialogue help the story? • Characterization • Shows conflicts • Develops plot events • Adds realism