Bell Ringer 8.29.2011 ( Today: Do NOT write questions)

1. Bell Ringer 8.29.2011(Today: Do NOT write questions) • 1. Do you think seeds would grow better in saltwater or freshwater? • 2. Write a hypothesis explaining what you think. • For example: “If I grow seeds in saltwater, then they would grow _________ than they would in freshwater.”

2. Bell Ringer 8.30.2011 • How do living things in the environment affect non living things? Give an example • How do the nonliving things affect the living things? Give an example • List three nonliving things that you use everyday. 2

3. After The Test: • Grab a Textbook from the BROWN cabinet, go to page 53 and start browsing through the chapter.

4. Bell Ringer 9.22.2014 • What is ECOLOGY? What do you think we will study?

5. Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology 5

6. I. Ecology Ecology: study of interactions between organisms and their environments • Ecology reveals relationships between living and non living things 6

7. Biotic vs. Abiotic 1. Abiotic factors: nonliving parts of the environments examples: a. Air b. Water c. Temperature d. Sunlight e. soil 7

8. 2. Biotic Factors: living parts of the environment Examples: a. Plants b. Animals c. Bacteria 8

9. Complete Chart in Notebook, do 15 items Item biotic abiotic X students desk X bacteria X 9

10. Bell Ringer 8.30.2011 • Define Biotic. • Define Abiotic. 10

11. III. Levels of Organization in Ecology • From the small to the large picture • Organisms: the individual living thing 2. Population: the number of one species in an area at the same time 11

12. Communities: a collection of interacting populations ex. mice, hawks, maple trees in an area together • Ecosystems: the interactions among the populations in a community and the community’s abiotic factors. • Terrestrial ecosystem • Fresh water ecosystem • Salt water ecosystem 12

13. What do you think? • 1. Is it ok for us to take all the water from the Colorado River? Why or why not? • 2. Can you think of a way to fix this?

14. Sponge 9/16/10 • What is the difference between a population and a community? • What is the difference between a community and an ecosystem? • At what level of ecology would polluted water become a concern? 14

15. Sponge 9/20/10 • A mouse is an example of a(n) ______. a. Abiotic factor b. Biotic factor • Many corn plants in a corn field is an example of a(n) ________. a. population b. community c. ecosystem • A rock would be part of a(n) _______. a. population b. community c. ecosystem • A pond is an example of a _______ ecosystem. a. terrestrial b.freshwater c. Salt water 15

16. IV. Organisms in Ecosystems • Habitat: the place where an organism lives out its life. “the address” • Example: field, forest, praire • Niche: the role & position a species has in its environment. “the job” • Example: a job, finding food, shelter, reproducing 16

17. 3. environment: biotic and abiotic surroundings to which an organism must constantly adjust. 17

18. Sponge 9/21/10 • Define habitat. • Define niche. • Are living things always enemies? Can they be FRIENDS?? 18

19. V. Living relationships • Some interactions are harmful to one species, yet beneficial to another • predator-prey relationship • Lion-gazelle • Hawk-mouse • Some species enhance their chances of survival by forming relationships with other species 19

20. Kinds of Symbiosis • Symbiosis: relationships that are close and permanent among organisms of different species • A. Commensalism: one species benefits & the other species is neither harmed or benefited • Ex. Bee and Maribou Stork 20

21. b. Mutualism:both species benefit from the relationship. • Ex. Honey guide bird and badger • Parasitism: one organism benefits at the expense of the other. Parasites usually harm the host , not kill it. • Ex. Cuckoo and Warbler 21

22. Sponge 9/23/10 • What is symbiosis 2. What are the 3 kinds of Symbiosis 3. Give an example of parasitism. 22

23. VI. Nutrition and Energy flow Sunlight is the ultimate source of energy • Autotrophs: the producers • Use energy stored in chemical compounds to make their own food (PLANTS) • All organisms depend on autotrophs for energy • Heterotrophs: the consumers • Can’t produce their own food • Get nutrients by eating other organisms 23

24. Types of heterotrophs • Herbivores: primary consumer that directly feeds on autotrophs/plants • Ex. Rabbits, deer, mice • Carnivores: secondary consumer feeds on other heterotrophs • Ex. Predators like coyotes & lions • Omnivores: feed on both plants and animals • Ex. Bears eat fish and berries • Decomposers: breakdown & absorb nutrients from dead organisms • Ex. Bacteria, Fungus, pill bugs 24

25. Sponge 9/30/10 • Define autotroph and give an example. • Define heterotroph and give an example • The cow in the picture is what type of heterotroph? 25

26. VII. Food Chains • Food Chains: diagram that shows how matter & energy move through the ecosystem GrassRabbitSnakeHawk • Arrows show direction energy is going • Food chains always start with a plant • Usually have only 3-5 levels • Energy is lost when moving up the food chain 26

27. Trophic Levels: level an organism belongs to is determined by its distance from the producer 1st trophic level: Producers 2nd trophic level: primary consumers 3rd trophic level: secondary consumers Higher trophic levels: tertiary consumers 27

28. Energy transfer is limited by: • Animals at higher levels don’t eat all available food • Great amount of waste at every level (heat) • Energy is expended during metabolism 28

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31. Sponge 10/01/10 1.In the food chain which organisms is the producer? • Which organism is the primary consumer? • Which organism is in the 3rd trophic level? • What do the arrows indicate? 31

32. Food Webs: show all the possible feeding relationships at each trophic level in a community. • More realistic diagram than food chain • Most heterotrophs depend on more than one species for food or energy. Trophic Levels: Tertiary Consumers Secondary Consumers Primary Consumers Producers Fox Hawk Frog Snake Grass Hopper Sparrow Grass 32

33. Sponge 10/7/2010 • Create a food web from the following food chains: Plant rootsrabbitfox Plant leaves rabbit snakehawk Plant leavesmousefox 2. Why is a food web a better diagram than a food chain? 33

34. Sponge 10/8/2010 1. What is NITROGEN? Is it a gas, liquid, or a solid? 2. Do you need NITROGEN? 3. Do plants need NITROGEN? 34

35. VIII. Cycles of Nature • First: The Nitrogen Cycle 35

36. Nitrogen Cycle • Nitrifying Bacteria: takes nitrogen out of the atmosphere and puts it in the soil as NH3 • Nitrates: created by nitrifying bacteria that plants take in through roots • Plants: Legumes take in nitrogen and use it to make protein • Animals: eat plants so nitrogen enters protein in muscle tissue • Waste & Dead organisms: return nitrogen to the soil with the help of bacteria 36

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38. Sponge 10/15/2010 • Why is water important to our ecosystem? • What is precipitation? • What is evaporation? 38

39. ` The Water Cycle pg 53 Water is recycled in 4 stages. • Precipitation: rain, snow • Evaporation: water molecules enter the atmosphere. • Condensation: water in the atmosphere condenses on cooler surfaces than the temp. of air • Transpiration: water lost through leaves in plants. 39

40. Sponge 10/8/2010 • In your own words describe the following steps of the water cycle: • Precipitation • Condensation • Evaportation • transpiration 40

41. Sponge 10/11/2010 • Why is nitrogen important to our ecosystem? • How does bacteria play a role in the Nitrogen cycle? 41

42. Sponge 10/18/2010 • 1. When you water a plant, where does the water end up? • 2. Name all 4 stages of the water cycle. • 3. Which stage of the water cycle makes water drops appear on a cold glass of lemonade? 42

43. The Carbon Cycle pg 55 • All living things are made of carbon Carbon is recycled in 4 steps • Death and decay: return carbon to the soil. • Respiration: by animals returns carbon dioxide to the air. Ex. Exhaling • Combustion: burning materials returns carbon monoxide to the air • Photosynthesis: returns carbon to living things through plant life. 43

44. Sponge 10/21/2010 • Describe how plants have an important role in the carbon cycle. • Describe how heterotrophs (ex. Animals) have an important role in the carbon cycle. 44

45. IX. Biomes • Biome: a large group of ecosystems that share the same type of community. • 2 Types of Biomes • Aquatic: freshwater and saltwater • Terrestrial: Tundra, Taiga, Desert, Grasslands, Temperate Forest, Tropical Rain Forest 45

46. 10/8/09 • What is a biome? • What is climate? 46

47. Climatogram San Luis Obispo,California

48. Sponge 10/9/08 • How does climate affect a Biome? 2. List three interesting facts that you learned about a biome this week? 3. What is a climatograph, and what information can scientists learn from it? 48

49. North & South Pole Canada, Russia, China Rattle snake Kit fox, lizard Buffalo Prairie dog Oak & Elm trees Epiphytes, Palms, lianas 49

50. Sponge 10/12/09 A 1. What Biome is climatograph A from? • What Biome is climatograph B from? • What information did you use to answer #1 and #2. B 50