HYPERLYNX- A PWB DESIGN TOOL

1. HYPERLYNX- A PWB DESIGN TOOL Sandy Mazzola BAE Systems Inc

3. HYPERLYNX • The HyperLynx suite of tools can be used in virtually any design flow to help eliminate signal integrity, crosstalk, and EMC problems early, allowing you to "get it right the first time." These simulation tools come ready to use with unprecedented ease of use, delivering high speed analysis to every engineer's desktop.

4. HYPERLYNX • Before layout begins (LineSim) • Generation of high-speed PCB-routing constraints (LineSim) • After PCB layout (BoardSim) • During system analysis of a multiple board design (BoardSim MultiBoard Option)

5. HYPERLYNX VERSIONS • LINESIM • LINESIM EMC • LINESIM CROSSTALK • BOARDSIM • BOARDSIM EMC • BOARDSIM CROSSTALK • BOARDSIM MULTI-BOARD

6. HYPERLYNX • A Mentor Graphics Product • Pricey • Initial cost is 3K to 50K depending on configuration • 2K a year maintenance cost

7. HYPERLYNX - BOARDSIM • PWB Design provides 3 ASCII source files unique to ALLEGRO to a local pc • Component & connectivity data (a_c) Layout data (a_l) Outline data (a_o) • Hyperlynx ALLEGRO translator run at a local PC converts these ASCII files to HYP files • Result is an image viewable PWB layout

9. HYPERLYNX PRELIMINARY PROCESS • Use stackup editor to verify Power/Ground plane & signal layer assignments & add/delete layers or change type • Adjust dielectric thicknesses/constants • Adjust copper thicknesses • Layers are color coded • Use Power supply editor to verify correct assignment of power supply voltages

11. CROSSTALK - BATCH MODE • BATCH MODE –select board wizard • Set voltage coupled threshold and rise/fall times – Then run • Report issued showing all aggressor nets that produce crosstalk at or greater then threshold value on every victim net • Report does not know what actually drives the aggressor nets. It assumes default rise/fall times. • Requires analysis to identify true problems.

13. Analyze batch crosstalk results Test points may be don’t care situations Static sources not an issue Is the source Synchronus/Asynchronus ? CROSSTALK - BATCH MODE ANALYSIS

14. CROSSTALK ISSUESFORWARD CROSSTALK • Forward Crosstalk = Crosstalk appearing on the victim line at the receiver end of the aggressor line • Function of the difference between capacitive crosstalk and mutual inductance crosstalk • Duration = rise time of aggressor line driver • Amplitude proportional to rise time and line length • Polarity opposite aggressor driver signal transition polarity

15. CROSSTALK ISSUESBACKWARD CROSSTALK • Backward Crosstalk = Crosstalk appearing on the victim line at the driver end of the aggressor line • Function of the sum of the capacitive and mutual inductance crosstalk currents • Duration = Twice the transition time (Time for signal to travel down the line and return) • Amplitude = Independent of line length when line is electrically long; directly proportional to length when line is short • Polarity = same as aggressor driver signal transition polarity

16. SIGNAL INTEGRITY • Delays • Overshoot • Multiple Threshold Crossing • Ringing

17. SIGNAL INTEGRITY ANALYSIS PROCESS • Select Net (sorted by name, length, or trace width) • Net now visible on PWB image with colors corresponding to layer colors • All nets can be shown • Nets on a single layer can be shown by changing all other layer colors to background color

20. ASSIGN DRIVERS AND RECEIVERS • Click on component button associated with that net • Select models • Array of IBIS, Hyperlynx.mod and .mdl devices along with easy models • May need to obtain IBIS models from vendors • Repeat for all other drivers/receivers on net

21. IBIS- Input/Output Buffer Information Specification • The input/output buffer information specification (IBIS) is a device-modeling standard that was developed in 1993 by a consortium of companies from within the electronic design industry. IBIS allows the development of device models that preserve the proprietary nature of integrated circuit device designs, while at the same time providing information-rich models for signal integrity and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) analysis.

22. IBIS - Input/Output Information Specification • An IBIS model library comes with Hyperlynx. These models enable accurate simulations of drivers and receivers • Can be downloaded from vendor and other websites • Models provide V/I characteristics of inputs and outputs including ground clamping and VCC clamping • Models include parasitics • Defaults available for rapid simulation

23. SIGNAL ANALYSIS MODE • After selecting net - Assign Probes • Select simulation • Set horizontal and vertical scales • Use cursors to obtain waveform details • Print or copy/paste scope display

24. SIGNAL ANALYSIS MODE

26. CROSSTALK - SIGNAL ANALYSIS MODE • Need models • Enable crosstalk • Set Threshold • PWB image will now display aggressor nets as dotted lines • These nets will produce crosstalk at threshold level or greater on selected net

27. CROSSTALK SIGNAL ANALYSIS • Cross-sectional view of traces involved in crosstalk is displayed • On PWB image, footprint view is highlighted • Make changes as necessary based on results

28. EMC ANALYSIS MODE • Have not used program in Spectrum Analyzer mode with antenna probes • Simulation against radiated emissions requirements • Very complicated – unbounded condition • Hope to work with it in the future

29. LAYOUT/STACKUP DESIGN RULES • GENERAL RULES -Partition Signals • Static/Quasistatic-Low Level-High Level • Clock and high rate signals • Video and Analog-Low Level-Moderate Level-High Level • Gates • Triggers • Differential

30. LAYOUT/STACKUP DESIGN RULES • Digital Power and Digital Ground should be assigned planes • Adjacent signal layers should have traces orthogonal • A signal trace should ideally run over an unbroken plane layer so that the current return is in the image of the trace • A slot in the plane under a signal trace will result in significant radiation from the trace

31. LAYOUT/STACKUP DESIGN RULES • For power not assigned to planes, use the widest possible traces (50 mils preferred) and run ground traces in parallel • Keep like signals together to the extent practical • Clocks and high rate signals on their own layer Analog and video on a separate layer • Keep low traces away from moderate and high level traces

32. LAYOUT/STACKUP DESIGN RULES • Bury the fastest signals the deepest (bury them between the power and ground planes) • Static/Quasistatic signals can be on top and bottom layers or outside Power/Ground planes • Keep differential signals together on same layer and equal in length

33. LAYOUT/STACKUP DESIGN RULES • Trace length to decoupling capacitors must be short • Tantalum decoupling capacitors should be located at the I/O connectors with shortest possible trace connection between connector and capacitor • The closer any trace is to a plane the better

34. LAYOUT/STACKUP DESIGN RULES • The wider the separation between traces that can interfere, the better • It is di/dt that causes crosstalk and EMI emissions. Pay close attention to signals involving large current swings. • For boards with mixed speeds/levels, keep high speed/level circuits closest to the I/O connector.

35. TRACES AS TRANSMISSION LINES • PCB traces act as transmission lines when line delay is equal to or greater than ½ the rise (or fall) time • National semiconductor uses 1/3 and Hyperlynx uses 1/6 • Line delay is a function of propagation speed and trace length

36. TRACES AS TRANSMISSION LINES • Propagation Speed = C/(εr)1/2 • C =Speed of Light = 3 x 10 8 meters per second • εr = Relative dielectric constant • For εr = 4.1 (typical value of polyimide) signal speed = 3 x 10 8 meters/sec x 39.37 inches/meter/(4.1) ½ = 5.83 x 10 9 inches per second = 5.83 inches per nanosecond

37. TRACES AS TRANSMISSION LINES • Propagation Delay- Tpd = reciprocal = 1 nanosecond/5.83” = .171 nanoseconds per inch • Transition electrical length for a 2 nanosecond rise time is 2 x 5.83 = 11.66 inches • Critical length = ½ transition electrical length • For 2 nanosecond rise time critical length is 5.83 inches

38. TERMINATION TYPES AND THEIR ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES • Series (BACKMATCHING)- A resistor in series with the driver output that attempts to match the source impedance to the transmission line impedance of the trace • Only one component required • Least current power drain • Damps entire switching circuit • Best for a single receiver, or receivers grouped at last third of the line • Best for CMOS to CMOS logic interfaces

39. TERMINATION TYPES - SERIES • Hard to select the proper resistor value (Hyperlynx shines in this application) • Lower slew rates than parallel with capacitive loads

40. TERMINATION TYPES - DC PARALLEL, PULLUP OR PULLDOWN • A resistor to ground or to VCC at the receiver end • Only one component required • Easier to chose resistor value • Works with multiple receivers (anywhere along trace) • Pullup to VCC aids sourcing; pulldown to ground aids sinking • Connect to ground for low duty cycle; VCC for high

41. TERMINATION TYPES –AC PARALEL • Reduced power compared to DC termination • Easier to chose resistor value • Works with multiple receivers • Requires two components • Hard to choose capacitor value • Too small a capacitor results in over/undershoot • Not for RS422 and not for high current drivers

42. TERMINATION TYPES - THEVENIN • Advantages/Disadvantages about the same as DC parallel • Good overshoot protection • Aids in sourcing and sinking load currents • Requires two components • Lowers slew rate • Can bias CMOS receiver to higher dissipation state