The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing

1. The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing

2. Culture is revealed through the beliefs, customs and traditions, the architecture and arts, the systems of communication and political systems of a particular group of people in a particular time and place. Culture revealed

3. The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing About this presentation: Daniel: Frameworks to understand cultures Mariano: A Culture Map comparing national cultures Ashok: Measuring cultural difference Point of view -> Worldview -> Cultural assumption To remind us that … “Just because we aren’t all the same it doesn’t mean we have nothing in common” Kirk Kerekes

4. Ways of Knowing Mathematics Areas of Knowledge The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing Faith/Belief Natural Sciences Reason Language Ethics Knower(s) Emotion Culture Perception Human Sciences • “Culture is the subconscious • programming of the mind” • E.G.Hall The Arts History

5. The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing Different types of Culture Western Culture Islamic Culture African Culture National Culture Ethnic Culture Tribal Culture Subcultures: groups with distinctive characteristics within a larger culture Organisational Culture Youth Culture RCNUWC Culture ‘Area of Specialization' Culture (Subjects)

6. The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing Daniel …

7. The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing

8. The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing Cultural Dimension Qualityof Life, Values, Aspirations, Diversity, Innovation, Relationship, Vitality Social Dimension Environmental Dimension Equity Economic Dimension Viability Responsibility Source: Catherine Runnelis, 2006 MA Thesis for Royal Rhodes University

9. Hofstede’s Onion Model Symbols Shallow Visible The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing Heroes, Stories Rituals Practices Values Deep Invisible Shallow Visible

10. Hofstede’s Dimensions of National Culture • High/Low Power Distance • degree of acceptability of inequity of wealth & privilege • Individualism/Collectivism • relative weakness/strength of relationships • between individuals and the in-group • Masculinity/Femininity • extent of clarity and distinctiveness of gender roles • High/Low Uncertainty Avoidance • how upset people get about ambiguity and future doubt • High/Low Time Orientation The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing

11. Source: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/fig/1360130201001.png

13. Schein’s Levels of Culture Model Artefacts Shallow Visible The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing Espoused Values Basic Underlying Assumptions Deep Invisible Mission Statement Ethical Code Shallow Visible

14. Cultural Web Stories About important events, people and deviants Symbols Uniforms, logos, titles, jargon The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing Routines & Rituals Taken-for-granted ways we do things around here, education models Power Generally about the most powerful group and their core values Paradigm Core Values Controls Performance measurements and reward systems and what they focus on Organization Structures Hierarchies, chain of command, rules, formal functions

15. Symbols • Terminology • White coats/uniforms • Retinues • Mobile phones • Doctors’ dining room • Big institutions • “Royal” • Stories • Cures • Villains (politicians) • Heroes and heroism • Change agents are fools • Abuse of managers • The golden age Cultural Web of UK National Health Service The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing • Routines • Clinical rituals • Consultation ceremonies • Patient infantalising • - waiting rooms • - putting to bed • - waking up • Ward rounds • Paradigm • NHS is a ”Good Thing” • Public service • Free at point of delivery • Clinicians values • Providers know best • Acute sector superior • “Ours” • Power • Fragmented: • - professional bodies • - doctors • - senior clinicians • “Old Boy” network • Politicians • Organization Structures • Hierarchical • Mechanistic • Pecking order of services • Tribal/Functional • Controls • Financial reporting • Waiting lists • Consultant episodes • Professional responsibility

16. The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing Mariano …

17. Inglehart-Welzel Cultural Map of the World The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing One way of conceptualizing and comparing cultures & cultural values

18. Questionaires • Relative importance of family, friends, work, leisure-time, politics, religion • Relative importance of qualities to teach children: independence, hard work, religion, responsibility, imagination, tolerance, thrift, perseverance, unselfishness, obedience • Who would make the worst neighbours: drug addicts, different race, immigrants, homosexuals, different religion, heavy drinkers, AIDS, unmarried couples, different language • Would people try to take advantage of you if they got a chance, or would they try to be fair? • etc The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing

19. The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing

20. The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing Ashok …

21. Does Culture shape how we look at faces? • Face processing, amongst many basic visual skills, • is thought to be invariant across all humans. • Culture shapes perception so fundamentally that it • may determine the way we look at faces. • East Asians focus their gazes on the center of faces; • Westerners looked to first the eyes, and then to the mouth. • The findings were produced by University of Glasgow • psychologists who tracked the eye motions of • observers as they looked at portraits. • The study was small and hasn't been replicated, • but the differences were stark. The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing

22. The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing

23. Scholars believe that differences in worldview — • an increasingly popular term to describe the fundamental thoughts • which cause people to commit or omit certain actions — • are the root of all differences between nations and civilisations • that potentially cause clashes. Hence, the so-called ‘clashes of civilisations’.  • A worldview is basically the way we see things of fundamental value in our life, • such as God, religion, humanity, knowledge, politics, happiness and truth. • A worldview is a direct product of culture, religion, race and belief.  • Individual learning depends on culture and language. • Once people have learned to learn in a given way it is extremely • difficult to learn in any other way. Culture reflects the way one learns.  • Does Biology and Culture shape the way we parent? The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing

24. The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing Points of view………..

25. It’s all about your point of view • and your point of view • shapes, and is shaped by • Culture The Effects of Culture on Ways of Knowing