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7 th Grade Review. Do you recognize this song or artist?. Well……School’s Almost Out…. Scientists to Know…. Zacharias Janssen (1590) –put two magnifying glasses in a tube. Anton van Leewenhoek (1600’s) created simple microscope using glass bead for lens.
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7th Grade Review Do you recognize this song or artist?
Scientists to Know…. • Zacharias Janssen (1590) –put two magnifying glasses in a tube. • Anton van Leewenhoek (1600’s) created simple microscope using glass bead for lens. • Robert Hooke (1665) – looked at cork through microscope and called the “empty boxes” cells. • Matthias Schleiden (1839) – said all plants are made of plant cells. • Theodor Schwann (1839) – said all animals are made of animal cells. • Rudolph Virchow (1856) – said that older cells form new cells
Cells • Cells perform numerous functions: respiration, waste removal, growth, irritability, and reproduction. • Cell theory: a. All organisms are made of cells b. Cells are the basic unit of life. c. Cells come from other cells Onion cells
Cells to Systems…… • Organelles form cells, cells form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs form systems. • Ex: nervous system; respiratory system; etc……
Differences • Plants cells have chloroplasts that hold chlorophyll giving them their green color; cell walls, and larger vacuoles to store food. • Animal cells have centrioles.
Cell Parts and Their Functions… • Cell membrane – decides what comes in or out. • Nucleus – directs all activities. • Cytoplasm – gel- like material inside the cell. • Endoplasmic reticulum - moves things within the cell (highway system). • Golgi bodies – packages materials to be moved. • Mitochondria –produces energy.
Continued…. • Lysosomes –destroy waste • Ribosomes – make protein • Chloroplasts - turn light into food • Cell wall –protects the cell. • Vacuoles- storage units for food, water, and waste.
Mind Map (can you explain the meaning behind each picture)? cell membrane golgi bodies ribosomes lysosomes mitochondria cell wall vacuoles nucleus cytoplasm ER
Cell Processes • Diffusion – moves molecules from where there are many to where there are few (from high to low concentration). • Osmosis – the diffusion of water through a cell membrane. • Cells strive to maintain equilibrium.
Mitosis and Meiosis • Mitosis- the nucleus of a cell divides and creates two identical nuclei in a series of phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. • Meiosis - is the division of cells into four parts producing sex cells.
Terminology to Know… • Unicellular - made up of only one cell. • Multi-cellular -made up of many cells. • Complex organisms need more cells. Paramecium
Animal/Plant Grouping • Biggest to smallest – Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species. • Species – share common characteristics and have fertile offspring. • Ex: lion and tiger have ligers that are infertile (not a species) but a dog and wolf have pups that are fertile (are a species)
Populations • Populations compete for basic resources, mates and territories. • Must cooperate with each other to meet needs. • Have social order to ensure that labor and resources are shared. • Every organism fills a specific niche (job or role) in its community.
Symbiotic Relationships • Mutualism - both organisms benefit. Ex: clown fish and sea anemone. • Commensalism - one benefits and the other is unaffected. Ex: flies on a horse • Parasitism - one benefits and one is harmed. Ex: dog and flea
Living Space • Ecosystems include forests, tidal pool, ponds, etc… • Ecosystems are living communities within a biome. • Biome is defined by climate range and how well the organisms have adapted in that area. • Biomes are made up of ecosystems.
Organisms… • Organisms exist as a member of their population. * Organisms adapt to abiotic (non-living) and biotic (living) factors in their home.
Vocab to know… • Phototropism – when plants grow toward their food source. (move toward the sun) • Hibernation – animal response to cold conditions with a period of lowered metabolism. • Dormancy –response to adverse conditions with a period of low or suspended metabolism. (trees/plants do this)
Genetics • DNA is a double helix molecule. • It includes four components that form a chemical code. • Chromosomes are strands of DNA. • Genes are sections of chromosomes that carry the code for a specific trait. • The basic laws of Mendelian genetics explains the transmission of some traits that can be inherited from generation to generation.
More on Genetics… • Genetic engineering is when the genetic code is manipulated by man to get a desired product . • There are practical applications in medicine, agriculture, and biology. • Evolutionary processes include mutations, adaptations, natural selection, and extinction. Ex. Using Miracle Grow…
Evolutionary Processes • Adaptation – a change that increases chance of survival. • Mutation – a change that does not help the organism to survive. (sometimes harmful) • The evidence for evolution is from the fossil record, radioactive dating, genetic information, distribution of animals, and similarities within species. • Heterozygous gene (hybrid) – the genes in the genotype are different. Ex. (Bb) * Homozygous gene (purebred) – the genes in the genotype are the same. Ex. (bb, BB)
Finishing it all up… • Extinction is when a species dies out. • Natural Selection – “only the strong survive”…is when nature decides who lives and who dies. • Biodiversity – means many different forms of living creatures in one area. • Ex. The ocean and the rain forest are extremely biodiverse.
