Download
1 / 77
780 likes | 972 Vues
Motivation. Motivation. The forces that act on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior. Motivation. Instinct Theories Motivation is innate and due to genetic programming
E N D
Motivation • The forces that act on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior • A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
Motivation • Instinct Theories • Motivation is innate and due to genetic programming • Instincts are rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned • Animals display instinctive behavior patterns such as migration and mating behavior • IE. Salmon returning to their birth place, birds migrating south for the winter
Instinct Motivation • Early instinct theorists based their beliefs on Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution. They believed that animal species, including humans, were born with potentially thousands of pre-programmed instinctive motivations in order to adapt and survive. • IE. If birds don’t migrate south in the winter, their species will die off due to lack of food
Instinct Motivation • Examples of Instincts • Rivalry Submission • Sympathy Modesty • Fear Secretiveness • Shyness Repulsion • Cleanliness Jealousy • Food-Seeking Curiosity • Sociability Combativeness • Parental Love Hunting • Mating Constructiveness
Why Why does Jimmy get into a lot of fights?
Why do people do the things that they do?(Instinct Theory) • Why does Jimmy get into a lot of fights? Combativeness Instinct • Why is Sally so quiet and timid? Shyness Instinct • Dave is overweight and can’t stop eating because of his food-seeking instinct. • Jane beats and neglects her children because she wasn’t born with a parental love instinct.
Motivation • Drive-Reduction Theories • Behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs • A physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
Drive-Reduction Motivation • Homeostasis = The body monitors and maintains relatively constant levels of internal states, such as body temperature, fluid levels, and energy supplies • If any of these levels deviates very far from the optimal level, the body initiates processes (motivation) to bring the condition back to normal
Drive-Reduction Motivation • If you haven’t eaten anything for a period of time, the internal pangs of hunger signal an imbalance in your body’s energy level. The unmet biological need is energy/food, and to bring your energy state back to an optimal level and achieve homeostasis, your behavior is to eat. • Dry mouth is a signal of water depletion. In order to bring water levels back to normal, you drink.
Why do people do the things that they do?(Drive-Reduction Theory) • Why did Shawn steal the family computer? In order to sell it for the cash he needed to purchase drugs. His body told him that he needed it. • Carrie always wears long sleeve shirts, even in the summer. She must have an internal thermostat that drops very easily, and in order to maintain a certain internal body temperature, she always has to wear an extra layer of clothing.
Motivation • Opponent-Process Theory/Arousal Theory • Yerkes-Dodson Law • Motivation is based on emotions (happy, sad, etc.) • Humans are born with an emotional homeostasis?
Opponent-Process Motivation • When we experience something that makes us feel good or makes us happy, eventually the feeling wears off. Our motivation is to repeat the behavior again, or to find new behaviors to get a similar feeling • When we experience something that makes us feel bad, eventually things get better. Our motivation is then to avoid things that make us feel bad, and instead seek out things that make us feel better
Why do people do the things that they do? • Tom is a heroin addict because he wants to feel good all of the time. He uses more and more heroin as his tolerance rises. • Eva is a sex addict because she wants to feel good all of the time, and since casual sex isn’t enough to make her feel good all of the time, she continually seeks out new partners. • Jerry never goes near the water because he fell into a pool one time and almost drowned. He fears the water, and to avoid fearful feelings, he avoids water.
Motivation • Incentive Theory – Extrinsic Motivation • Behavior is motivated solely by the pull of external rewards (reinforcement principal)
Why do people do the things that they do?(Incentive Theory) • Kevin committed murder because he was paid to do so. • Jane swims everyday, before and after school, on weekends, etc. so that she can win an Olympic Gold medal. • Steve is considered a geek because he does all of his homework so that he can get all “A’s”. If he does, he can have a television in his bedroom.
Intrinsic Motivation • Intrinsic motivation is when you are motivated by internal factors, as opposed to the external drivers of extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation drives you to do things just for the fun of it, or because I believe it is a good or right thing to do. • Internal desires to perform a particular task, people do certain activities because it gives them pleasure, develops a particular skill, or it’s morally the right thing to do.
Why does Greg work at the homeless shelter on weekends, instead of playing baseball?
Why does Karen spend so many hours working on her perfecting her swing?
Why did Jessica serve on jury duty, even though she missed several days of work and an exam?
Why do people do the things that they do?(Intrinsic Motivation) • Cassie became a nun because she felt that it was morally the right thing to do. • Greg works at the homeless shelter because it makes him feel good to help other people in need. • Karen practices her swing because she enjoys softball, and so that she can become a better softball player. • Jessica took the stand as a witness in the murder trial because putting away criminals is the right thing to do.
Social Acceptance • Behaviors are motivated by the desire to increase our social acceptance and inclusion in social groups.
Control • Motivation is driven by a need to be decisive, assertive, and active. Behaviors aim to seek to influence others when it is advantageous to personal gains.
Competition • Competition motivates behavior because people can enhance their own self-esteem when they are able to make comparisons of their own performance to that of others. While all learners appear to be motivated to some extent by competition, the importance of competition is greater for some learners than for others. These differences are often related to the person's previous experience or to the importance that cultures or subcultures place on competition versus cooperation.
Motivation • Humanistic Theory • Internal motivation factors • People are motivated to satisfy a progression of internal needs, beginning with the most basic and moving towards the realization of personal potential
Humanistic Motivation • Once the needs at a particular level are satisfied, an individual is motivated to satisfy the needs at the next level, and then steadily move upwards • The ultimate goal is self-actualization, or the realization of a person’s potential, self-fulfillment, or the full use of one’s talents and capacities
Humanistic Motivation • Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Humanistic Motivation • Physiological Needs: • the need to breathe • the need to drink and eat • the need to dispose of bodily waste material • the need for sleep • the need to regulate the bodily temperature • the need to seek shelter • the need to reproduce
Humanistic MotivationPhysiological Needs • Physiological needs are the very basic needs such as air, water, food, sleep, sex, etc. When these are not satisfied we may feel sickness, irritation, pain, discomfort, etc. These feelings motivate us to alleviate them as soon as possible to establish homeostasis. Once they are alleviated, we may then think about other things.
When the physiological needs are met, the need for safety will emerge.
Humanistic Motivation • Safety Needs: • Security of employment • Security of revenues and resources • Physical Security - violence, delinquency, aggressions • Moral and physiological security • Familial security • Security of health
Humanistic MotivationSafety Needs • Safety needs have to do with establishing stability and consistency in a chaotic world. IE. We need the security of a home and family. If a family is dysfunctional, a child cannot move to the next level because they are constantly concerned for their safety. Love and belongingness (Step 3) have to wait until they are no longer cringing in fear.
After physiological and safety needs are fulfilled, the third layer of human needs are based on the needs for belongingness and love.
Humanistic Motivation • Belongingness and Love Needs: • This involves emotionally-based relationships in general, such as friendship, sexual relationship, or having a family. Humans want to be accepted, and to belong to groups, whether it be clubs, work groups, religious groups, family, gangs, etc. They need to feel loved (sexually and non-sexually) by others, and to be accepted by them.
Humanistic MotivationBelongingness and Love Needs People have a constant desire to feel needed. In the absence of these elements, people become increasingly susceptible to loneliness, social anxiety, and depression.
One the needs of Stages 1 thru 3 have been met, humans can concentrate on fulfilling esteem needs.
Humanistic Motivation • Esteem Needs: • The need to be respected, to self-respect and to respect others. Need to engage oneself in order to gain recognition, have an activity which gives value to oneself, be it in a profession or hobby. Imbalances at this level can result in a low self-esteem and inferiority complexes, and on the other hand in an inflated sense of self and snobbishness.
