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Alternative feed ingredients for animals

Alternative feed ingredients for animals . Outcomes: Describe world food situation – competition between humans and animals, consequences Identify alternative feed ingredients and limitations Examine role of communication . World Food Situation.

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Alternative feed ingredients for animals

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  1. Alternative feed ingredients for animals Outcomes: Describe world food situation – competition between humans and animals, consequences Identify alternative feed ingredients and limitations Examine role of communication

  2. World Food Situation • Crisis level (UN, 2010) • Food prices to rise by 40% over coming decade • Wheat and coarse grains to increase by between 15% - 40% • Vegetable oils to increase more than 40% • Food prices at highest level on record February 2011 • About 1b people estimated to be undernourished

  3. Why is there crisis? • Extreme weather (too much rain, heat & cold) • Heat wave, drought & wildfires in Russia, Worst drought in China, Drought in US etc • 1/3 of grain supplies in the U.S. used for fuel ethanol production • Shrinking grain harvests due to aquifer depletion and severe erosion • Running out of technology to raise land productivity • Rising world population

  4. Availability of feed ingredients Competition between humans and animals for vital feed ingredients (energy, protein) ENERGY – Wheat, Maize (Corn), Barley, Oats, Rice, Sorghum, Rye, Triticale, Vegetable oil, Cassava PROTEIN – Soybeans, Fishmeal, Peanut meal,

  5. Competition • Increasing feed cost ( normally constitute 50-75 of the total cost) • About 2.4 million dogs being fed scraps as main food (PDSA) • About 11,586 animals abandoned last year – more than 30 daily (RSPCA) • Received 2112 calls about animal abandonment in 2010

  6. Abandoned animals

  7. Animal welfare

  8. Alternative feed ingredients • Non conventional ingredients – legumes • Industrial bye products – biscuit waste, brewers grains, brewers yeast, molasses • Agro processing bye products – cocoa husk, palm-oil sludge, cassava peals, rice bran / husk, rice polishing, corn / maize bran • Recycling waste – activated sludge, dried poultry waste (15% fiber, 25% protein), rendered products (meat scraps from animal flesh & tissues) poultry

  9. Alternative feed ingredients (continuation) • Poultry by-product meal( heads, feet, intestines, but excluding feathers 55-60% protein) • Poultry feather meal(Hydrolysed 70% protein) • Poultry hatchery by-product meal (egg shells, un-hatched and infertile eggs, and culled chicks 22-32% protein)

  10. Agro-processing Maize de-husking Maize

  11. Harvested maize

  12. Trial 1 • West African dwarf and Saanen goats • Indian bamboo (Bambusavulgaris) and Indian almond (Terminaliacatapa)suplemented with cassava peels and cassava peels mixed with maize • Both plants contain acceptable levels of minerals • Indian almond more acceptable than Indian bamboo and both better when supplemented with cassava peels and maize than cassava peels alone.

  13. Trial 1- continuation Indian almond Indian bamboo

  14. Trial 2 Golden Hubbard Layers Sweet potato (Ipomeabatatas • Palm-oil supplementation (1-3%) on ground dehydrated sweet potato(5%) as replacement for Maize in conventional layers diet • All levels resulted in increased availability of nutrients, improved feed conversion efficiency and increased weight gain • Palm oil also reduces dustiness and laxative effect of sweet potato

  15. Trial 2 Cassava plant Cassava tuber and peals

  16. Cassava chips

  17. Trial 3: Detoxification & utilisation of Full Fat Soybeans • Many plants contain anti-nutritional factors for protection • Cotton seed – Gossypol • Cassava – Hydrocyanic acid- Cyanide • Cocoa – Theobromine, Caffeine • Groundnuts – Prone to Aflatoxin infestation • Soybeans – Trypsin inhibitors, Hemagglutinins, Sapponins, Phytic acid etc

  18. Trial 3 Full-fat soybeans for broiler (160 Hubbard DOC) Soybeans (Glycinemaxima • 3 processing methods compared. • Cooking in water for 20 minutes better in economic terms over soaking for 6 hours before cooking for 20 minutes and soaking in water for 6 hours before roasting for 20 minutes ( wet roasting) although wet roasting gave higher terminal weights, better feed conversion etc

  19. Chickens Broiler Chicks Broiler Parent Chicks

  20. Broiler Parents Chickens

  21. Trial 4 (Bloodmeal and fishmeal as supplements to fullfat soybeans for laying hens Bloodmeal • Comparing egg-production, egg-weight and haught’s unit, fishmeal is superior to bloodmeal • Both of them gave better results at 5% level than 7.5% Fishmeal

  22. Trial 5 (Raw and cooked fullfat soybeans in laying diets • Growth retardation and pancreatic enlargement reported for chicks were absent from hens fed raw soybeans. • Satisfactory results were obtained in both cases at a level as high as 35% contrary to earlier reports.

  23. Field observations • Catfish Production • Hatchery waste • Processing waste • Feed-mill waste pellets • Poultry manure • Poultry meal

  24. Aquaculture

  25. Aquaculture Fish fingerling hatchery Fish feed pelletizer

  26. Snail Feed • Feed mill waste • Waste vegetables and fruits • Kitchen waste (without salt) • Pawpaw fruits and leaves • Banana fruits and leaves • Sweet potato leaves

  27. Feeding ruminants Cattle Sheep

  28. Cattle – 100% Grazing Cows , Heifers and Bulls Calf

  29. Feeding Ruminants (continuation) • Beef cattle on 100% nomadic grazing • At best grazing + concentrates (least cost / palm kernel cake or meal, brewers waste + vitamin / mineral licks • Adequate veterinary care for worms, parasites including blood parasites, vaccinations

  30. Limitations of alternative feed ingredients • Not available in economic quantities perhaps due to higher demand than supply • Dependent on industries running at full capacity • New products require toxicological tests, proximate composition and microbiology • Cost driven more efficient industrial plants leaving little or no wastes

  31. Improvements • Genetically modified organisms (plants and animals) • Pelletising of feed over mash or crumbles • Improved processing techniques (micronising, extrusion technology) • Use of feed enzymes to liberate more nutrients especially from feed ingredients with high non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) – wheat, barley, sorghum (phytase, amylase) • Use of Nutricines (Anti-oxidants, emulsifiers, enzymes, flavours, organic acids (subject to legislation)

  32. The Way Forward • Agricultural production and productivity needs to be stepped up Brazil is the fastest growing (40% growth in the next decade) and 20% growth expected in China, India, Russia and Ukraine • Communication needs to be stepped up between Universities / Research institutions and the feed industry and other stake holders on possible alternative feeds • Improved communication to the public on feeding and welfare requirements of animals, for instance few people know that it takes about £3000 to rear a rabbit through its life span • Improved agricultural extension to farmers especially in emerging economies.

  33. References • http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_DoqZTLnXmPk/R8NSGPFpm-I/AAAAAAAAADY/XOPIaSwLEhc/s400/sweetpotato.gif accessed on 13/03/11 1330hrs • http://www.infiniteunknown.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/soybeans.jpg accessed on 13/03/11 1354hrs • http://www.rspca.org.uk/in-action/whatwedo/decisions/overpopulation/-/article/EM_Overpopulation accessed 17/03/11 1626hrs

  34. References (continuation) • http://img.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2007/04_02/dogsPA2304_468x312.jpg accessed 12/03/11 1149 hrs • http://www.crunchysanimalrescue.org.uk/images/staff.jpg accessed 12/03/11 1335 hrs • http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3lhq-KnS9Mg/S79Klfrmj_I/AAAAAAAAAtc/pKkd7eI8XSk/s1600/One+of+Rush+Kennels+seized+dogs.JPG accessed 12/03/11 1450 hrs • http://dingo.care2.com/pictures/c2c/share/22/227/741/2274186_370.jpg accessed 12/03/11 2144hrs

  35. References (continuation) • http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/oct/25/impending-global-food-crisis accessed on 13/03/11 1154 hrs • http://www.theodora.com/wfb/photos/india/bamboo_forest_arunachal_pradesh_india_photo.jpg accessed on 13/03/11 1315hrs • http://www.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/basch/uhnpscesu/htms/npsapln2/images/combret/DN4073x7.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/basch/uhnpscesu/htms/npsapln2/fish_pops/combret/tree01.htm&h=419&w=504&sz=39&tbnid=IqGCD4sBAYMrLM:&tbnh=108&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dimage%2Bof%2Bindian%2Balmond&zoom=1&q=image+of+indian+almond&hl=en-GB&usg=__T0h00JkBVZzmJuUuE5UxDmltTeU=&sa=X&ei=t7V8TcCEKc26hAfo9Oj7Bg&ved=0CCMQ9QEwBA accessed on 13/03/11 1317hrs

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