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Understanding the Nervous System: Neurons, Brain Functions, and Senses

Explore the intricate network of the nervous system, from neurons to brain functions, sensory receptors to reflexes, and the workings of the autonomic and somatic systems. Gain insights into the central and peripheral nervous systems, neural connections, and sensory perceptions.

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Understanding the Nervous System: Neurons, Brain Functions, and Senses

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  1. Nervous System Brain Spinal Cord Nerves Neurons

  2. Neurons

  3. Parts of a Neuron • Soma – cell body • Dendrite – receive messages • Axon – send messages out • Myelin – help speed up messages, made up of Schwann cells

  4. Types of Neurons • Sensory – incoming signals • Motor - movement • Interneurons – in brain and spinal cord only (processors/relay terminals)

  5. Neural Connections • Synapse – space between axon of neuron A and dendrite of neuron B • Neurotransmitter – chemicals that diffuse across synapse to change polarity of neuron B’s dendrite membrane

  6. Central Nervous System • Brain • Spinal Cord Control center, coordinates body functions

  7. Peripheral Nervous System Carry messages to and from CNS Motor and sensory neurons found here. No interneurons here!

  8. Cerebrum Thalamus Corpus Callosum Cerebellum Hypothalamus Brain Stem: Pons, Midbrain, Medulla Oblongata Pituitary Gland Brain

  9. Autonomic Nervous System • Involuntary • Two divisions • Sympathetic – fight-or-flight responses • Parasympathetic – body at rest

  10. Somatic Nervous System • Cranial and spinal nerves • Reflexes – automatic responses to stimuli

  11. Senses • Chemoreceptors – chemicals • Photoreceptors – light • Mechanoreceptors – pressure, vibration

  12. Chemoreceptors • Taste – taste buds • Sweet • Salty • Bitter • Sour • Olfaction - smell

  13. Photoreceptors • Vision • Retina • Cones – color • Rods – black & white

  14. Mechanoreceptors • Hearing – vibration in cochlea • Balance – semicircular canals in ears • Touch – pressure, pain, heat, cold

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