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Understanding Diabetes Mellitus: A Comprehensive Overview

Learn about the prevalence, impact, and complications of diabetes mellitus, its types, symptoms, and management strategies. Discover key facts and figures about this chronic condition that affects millions of people worldwide. Understand the importance of early diagnosis and effective treatment in preventing severe health implications.

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Understanding Diabetes Mellitus: A Comprehensive Overview

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  1. Diabetes Mellitus: General information • CDC 14.7 million Americans diagnosed (2004) • Est. 5 million not diagnoses

  2. Boston Globe – 10/27/2005 21 million Americans have diabetes, CDC says WASHINGTON -- Almost 21 million Americans have diabetes, most of them the type-2 variety associated with poor diet, too little exercise, and being overweight, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said yesterday.

  3. Boston Globe – 10/27/2005 This represents about 7 percent of the population -- and more than 6 million of these people do not know they have the condition, the CDC said in a statement.

  4. Boston Globe – 10/27/2005 ''Another 41 million people are estimated to have pre-diabetes, a condition that increases the risk of developing type-2 diabetes -- the most common form of the disease -- as well as heart disease and stroke," the CDC said

  5. Diabetes Mellitus: • 6th leading cause of death in US • 3rd leading cause of death by disease • Assoc. with many complication • Heart disease is the leading cause for a diabetic • 65% of diabetics have hypertension

  6. Diabetes Mellitus: • Risk of heart attack or stroke 3 times great if you have DM • DM leading cause of blindness in adults • DM leading cause of new cases of renal failure • 50% of all people with non-traumatic leg amputation have DM

  7. Diabetes Mellitus: • DM shortens peoples life span • DM creates disabilities • DM is an economic burden • 12% of all health care expenditures are for diabetic care/treatment • Seen in all age groups and races • 1/3 of diabetics are over the age of 60

  8. What is diabetes mellitus? • Group of disordered characterized by chronic hyperglycemia • Due to faulty insulin production • (Not Diabetes Insipidus)

  9. Classification of Diabetes • Type 2 • Adult onset • Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) • Type 4 • Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

  10. Type 1 – Diabetes Mellitus • Old names • Juvenile diabetes • Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) • Destruction of the Beta cells • Result • NO insulin production • Insulin dependent

  11. Etiology Type 1 DM • #1: Auto-immune disease • #2: Idiopathic • Genetic susceptibility

  12. Function of Insulin • Need insulin for glucose to cross cell membrane • No insulin  no glucose in the cell • Glucose stays in the blood

  13. S&S of Type 1 DM • Hyperglycemia • ↑ blood glucose levels • No insulin  • Glucose stays in the blood stream • What effect does insulin have on glycogen? • Inhibits the conversion of glycogen to glucose

  14. S&S of Type 1 DM • Glycosuria • Glucose in the urine

  15. S&S of type 1 DM • Polyuria • Osmotic diuresis • Nocturia • Urinating during the night • Nursing diagnosis • Fluid Volume Deficit

  16. S&S of Type 1 DM • Polydipsia • Excessive thirst

  17. S&S of Type 1 DM • Polyphagia • Excessive hunger

  18. S&S of Type 1 DM • Dehydration

  19. S&S of Type 1 DM • Ketonuria • No insulin • Burn fats • Byproduct  ketones • ↑ ketone in the blood • Metabolic Acidosis

  20. Liver can not excrete all of the ketones  • spill into the urine  • Ketonuria

  21. Small Group Questions • Why would a person with high glucose levels have polyphagia? • Explain why polyuria is a common symptom of diabetes Mellitus Type 1. • What is hyperglycemia? • Why does hyperglycemia happen in Type 1 diabetes mellitus? • Explain why Ketonuria occurs in uncontrolled diabetics.

  22. Small Group Questions 6. What is a normal level for a FBS, 2h-PPG and GTT? 7. Define the following terms: Glucose, glycogen, glucagon, Glycogenolysis, Glycogenesis, Glycosuria. 8. What does an Hgb A1c measure? What are normal values for a diabetic and non-diabetic?

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