By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Edited by Mr. Adam Stonehill

1. The European Conquest of the Americas By: Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Edited by Mr. Adam Stonehill

2. Christ of Colon [1451-1506] -European explorer whose discoveries had long term effects -promoted future Western European exploration

3. Columbus’ Four Voyages

4. Other explorers • Da Gama – Portugal – reaches Indian Ocean trade routes • Vespucci – Spanish – further explorations of “New World” • Magellan – Spain - circumnavigates the world • Cabot – England – first Western European to North America • de Leon – Spain – first Spaniard to North America • Cortes – Conquistador of the Aztec Empire • Verrazano – Spain – North America • Pizarro – Conquistador of the Incan Empire • de Soto, Coronado, Cabrillo – Spain – further explorations of North America • 1565 – Spain establishes first North American colony at St. Augustine, FLA • Cartier – France – first Frenchman to reach North America • Frobisher – Dutch – first Dutchman to explore North America • Raleigh – England – explores Virginia area (future Jamestown colony) • Hudson – England – explores NYC region and up the Hudson river • Gilbert,Champlain, LaSalle – France – further explorations of North America

5. Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World:Early 16c

6. European Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

7. The First Spanish Conquests:The Aztecs vs. Fernando Cortes Montezuma II

8. The Death of Montezuma II

9. Mexico Surrenders to Cortés

10. The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas vs. Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa

11. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conquistadores OfficialEuropeanColony! Missionaries PermanentSettlers

12. Economic Effects of Colonialism Europe • Mercantilism policy put into place • Mother Country becomes wealthy at the expense of their colonies • Country tries to export more than it imports – favorable balance of trade • Colonies exist as markets for their mother country’s goods • Country tries to get as much gold and silver as possible Latin America • – “encomienda system” – large plantations or mines and forced labor Native Americans first and then African Slaves • Plantations - Sugar, bananas, tobacco, etc. • Mining of Precious Metals - Silver and Gold

13. Mercantilism The economy and trade are essential to the health and safety of the nation. Get as much gold and silveras you can. Establish a favorable balance of trade. Get colonies.

14. The “Columbian Exchange”

15. Why would the 'Columbian Exchange' be considered the tsunami of unintentional "bio-terrorism"?? Docs. 1- 4

16. Sacrifice of the First-Bornby Theodore de Bry

17. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

18. Slave Ship

19. “Coffin” Position Below Deck

20. African CaptivesThrown Overboard

21. Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

22. Treasuresfrom the Americas!

23. Colonialism – Social Effects • Latin America – New Social Status structure put into place based on race and ethnicity • - Catholicism becomes the dominant religion • - Spanish now “universal language” • North America – religious freedom and economic opportunity often brings new colonists • -Protestant groups

24. The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Mulattos Native Indians Black Slaves

25. The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Our Lady of Guadalupe Guadalajara Cathedral Spanish Mission

26. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

27. Father Bartolomé de Las Casas New Laws --> 1542

28. European Empires in the Americas

29. Political Effects of Colonialization • Political: • Spain – 2 main colonies in ‘New Spain” (Mesoamerica) and “Peru” (South America). Also have various colonies in the Caribbean • Basically Imperialize local population which means complete control of government, laws, economics, etc.) • Hidalgos – lazy upper-class develops in Spain itself as described in Cervantes’ Don Quixote • Portugal – main colony in New World is Brazil and colonies in Indian Ocean trade (India-Goa and Southeast Asia) • England and France – colonies in North America and Caribbean • Sea Dog terror tactics used to plunder much of the wealth of Spain and Portugal from the New World • Colonies are often left to rule themselves since resources are less than in Spain