تاريخ العمارة الاسلامية

1. تاريخ العمارة الاسلامية تاريخ العمارة الاسلامية Islamic Architecture History

2. 2- Umayyad Dynasty (661-750AC) • Mosque architecture develoed during Muawiyyah and abd Al Malik bin Marwan • The philosophy of the first mosques is to protect payers from the climatic issues and directed to qibla • TheUmayyad philosophy is that mosques is not less architecture from than Byzantine churches and palaces • So mosques developed based on the basilican church plans after turning the qiblah • Mahrab was added directed to Kabbah • Mihrab and Mimber added after it was forbiden Umar bin Al-Ass by Umar • Maqssorah was also added for Muawiyyah after his knifes and so Marwan Bin AlHakkam • Minaret was added in Umaiyyad period when Muawiyah order Maslamah to construct four In the Umer Bin Al-Ass mosque .it was based on tower signs in old periods • .

3. These development on Mosques buildings leads to ethics of architecture like expansion of the middle nave and transfere the minaret to the middle of the court wall • Syrians Artists and artisans effectively contribute their expertise in the application of the fundamentals of architecture and decoration style and the development the Oriental style • After the fall of the Umayyad dynasty by the Abbasids established elements remained functional in Morocco, Spain and flourished after the state of new Ummyad in Cordoba invented new elements • Many famous mosques eastablished in this period like • Al-Aqssa Mosque and the dome of the rock • Ummayad Mosque in Demascas • Uqbah- Mosque in Al-QirawanMarroco • AL-Zaitonah Mosque in Tunisia

4. المسجد الاقصى المبارك • يقع مبنى المسجد الأقصى المبارك في الجهة الجنوبية الشرقية لمنطقة الحرم القدسي الشريف في القدس، وهو القبلة الأولى وثاني مسجد بني لعبادة الله وثالث الحرمين الشريفين • ارتبط  اسم المسجد الأقصى  بقوله تعالى : ( سبحان الذي أسرى بعبده ليلا ًمن المسجد الحرام إلى المسجد الأقصى الذي باركنا حوله لنريه من آياتنا، إنه هو السميع العليم ). • قيمة المسجد بانه أحد الأماكن المقدسة التي تدخل زيارتها في الشعائر الإسلامية  لقول رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم : ( لا تشدٌ الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد: المسجد الحرام، ومسجدي هذا ، والمسجد الأقصى). • مدينة القدس الشريف،  قبلة المسلمين الأولى ، ومسرى النبي ( ص) ، ومهد الديانات السماوية تتعرض المدينة اليوملحملة عاصفة ومنظمة لتغيير هويتها العربية الإسلامية ,وطمس معالمها الحضارية وتراثها الثقافي الضارب في أعماق التاريخ • ما يجري من مسخ وتزوير لمعالمها وتاريخها . فشل بالأدلة الأثرية والوثائقية المبرهنة على أن القدس عربية منذ أكثر من خمسة آلاف عام

5. المسجد الاقصى المبارك • Aqsa Mosque, al-Masjid al-Aqsais anIslamic holy placein theOld CityofJerusalem. • Themosqueitself forms part of theal-Haram ash-Sharifor "Sacred Noble Sanctuary" (along theDome of the Rock), a site also known as theTemple Mount( • the third holiest site inIslam Muslims believe that prophetMuhammadwas transported from theSacred MosqueinMakkahto al-Aqssa during theNight Journey • Islamic traditionholds that Muhammad led prayers towards this site until the seventeenth month after theemigration, when God ordered him to turn towards theKa'aba • prayer house built by theRashiduncaliphUmar, but was rebuilt and expanded by theUmmayad caliphAbd al-Malikand finished by his sonal-Walidin 705 CE • After an earthquake in 746, the mosque was completely destroyed and rebuilt by theAbbasidcaliphal-Mansurin 754, and again rebuilt by his successoral-Mahdiin 780.

6. المسجد الاقصى المبارك • Another earthquake destroyed most of al-Aqsa in 1033, but theFatimid caliphAli az-Zahirbuilt another mosque which has stood to the present-day. • During the periodic renovations undertaken, the various ruling dynasties of theIslamic Caliphateconstructed additions to the mosque and its precincts, such as itsdome, façade itsminbar, minaretsand the interior structure. • When theCrusaderscaptured Jerusalem in 1099, they used the mosque as Horse shed and church, but its function as a mosque was restored after its liberation bySaladin. • More renovations, repairs and additions were undertaken in the later centuries by theAyyubids, Mamluks, theSupreme Muslim Council andJordan • Today, the Old City is underIsraelioccupation, but the mosque remains under the administration of the Palestinian-led Islamicwaqf

7. Mosque construction • It is unknown exactly was first constructed and who ordered its construction, but it is certain that it was built in the early Ummayad period in Palestine. • Architectural historian referring that Umar erected a primitive quadrangular building for a capacity of 3,000 worshipers somewhere on the Haram ash-Sharif or Temple Mount., and it is possible that Arculf Mu'awiyah ordered the construction, not Umar. • the mosque was reconstructed and expanded by the caliph Abd al-Malik in 690 along with the Dome of the Rock and used materials from the destroyed Church of Our Lady to build the mosque and points to possible evidence that substructures on the southeast corners of the mosque are remains of the church • Abd al-Malik's son, al-Walid I, reconstructed the Aqsa Mosque over a period of six months to a year, using workers from Damascus. • In order to finance its reconstruction, al-Walid had gold from the dome of the Dome of the Rock minted to use as money to purchase the material

8. المسجد الاقصى المبارك • in 746, the al-Aqsa Mosque was damaged in an earthquake, four years before the overthrew the Ummayads and established the Abbasid Caliphate. • The second Abbasid caliph Abu Ja'far al-Mansur repair the mosque in 753, and he had the gold and silver plaques that covered the gates of the mosque removed and turned into dinars and dirhams to finance the reconstruction • A second earthquake damaged most of al-Mansur's repairs, excluding those made in the southern portion in 774 • In 780, the successor caliph Muhammad al-Mahdi had rebuilt it, but cut its length and increased its breadth • In 985, al-Maqddasi recorded that the renovated mosque had "fifteen naves and fifteen gates • In 1033, there was another earthquake, severely damaging the mosque. • The Fatimid caliph Ali az-Zahir rebuilt and completely renovated the mosque between 1034.

9. المسجد الاقصى المبارك • The number of naves was drastically reduced from fifteen to seven Az-Zahir built the four arcades of the central hall and aisle, which presently serve as the foundation of the mosque. • The central aisle was double the width of the other aisles and had a large gable roof upon which the dome — made of wood — was constructed • Jerusalem was captured by the Crusaders in 1099, during the First Crusade. the Crusaders used the mosque —"Solomon's Temple" — as a palace. the mosque underwent some structural changes, including the expansion of its northern porch, and the addition of an apse and a dividing wall. • A new cloister and church were also built at the site, along with various other structures • The Templars constructed vaulted western and eastern annexes to the building, the western currently serving as the women's mosque and the eastern as the Islamic Museum

10. المسجد الاقصى المبارك • Ayyubids under the leadership of Saladin liberated Jerusalem in 1187, several repairs were undertaken at al-Aqsa Mosque • Saladin's predecessor — the Zengid sultan Nur al-Din — had commissioned the construction of a new mimbar or "pulpit" of ivory العاج and wood in 1168-69 but it was completed after his death; Nur ad-Din's minbar was added to the mosque in November, 1187 by Saladin

11. المسجد الاقصى المبارك • The Ayyubid sultan of Damascus, al-Mu'azzam, built the northern porch of the mosque with three gates in 1218. • In 1345, the Mamluks under al-Kamil Shaban added two naves and two gates to the mosque's eastern side • Ottomans did not undertake any major renovations or repairs to the mosque itself, but they did to the Temple Mount as a whole. This included the building of the Fountain of Qasim Pasha (1527), the restoration of the Pool of Raranj, and the building of the three free-standing domes • the most notable being the Dome of the Prophet built in 1538. All construction was ordered by the Ottoman governors of Jerusalem and not the sultans themselvesThe sultans did make additions to existing minarets.

12. المسجد الاقصى المبارك • Supreme Muslim CouncilunderAmin al-Husayniin 1922, hired Ahmet Kemalettin Bey — aTurkisharchitect — to restore al-Aqsa Mosque and the monuments in its precincts. The council also commissionedBritisharchitects, Egyptianexperts and local officials to contribute to and oversee the repairs and additions which were carried out in 1924-25 under Kemalettin's supervision. • The renovations included reinforcing the mosque's ancient Ummayad foundations, rectifying the interior columns, replacing the beams, conserving thearchesand drum of the dome interior, rebuilding the southern wall, and replacing timber in the central nave with a slab of concrete. • The renovations also revealed Fatimid-era mosaics and inscriptions on the interior arches that had been covered withplasterwork

13. المسجد الاقصى المبارك • The arches were decorated with green-tintedgypsumand gold and their timber tie beams were replaced withbrass • A quarter of the stained glass windows also were carefully renewed so as to preserve their original Abbasid and Fatimid designs • Severe damage was caused by the 1927 and 1937 earthquakes, but the mosque was repaired in 1938 and 1942. • On August 21, 1969, there Israel a tourist from Australia named Michael Dennis Rohan -Worldwide Church of God fire inside al-Aqsa Mosque that gutted the southeastern wing of the mosque. Among other things the fire destroyed was Salahuddin Ayubi's minbar

14. المسجد الاقصى المبارك • The attack one of the catalysts for the formation of the Organization of the Islamic Conference in 1971 • In the 1980s, Ben Shoshan and Yehuda Etzion, both members of the Gush Emunim Underground, plotted to blow up the al-Aqsa mosque and the Dome of the Rock. They hoped the Third Temple of Jerusalem would be built on the location of the mosque • On January 15, 1988, during the First Intifada, Israeli troops fired rubber bullets and tear gas at protesters outside the mosque wounding 40 worshipers • On October 8, 1990, 22 Palestinians were killed and over 100 others injured by Israeli Border Police during riots that were triggered by the announcement of the Temple Mount Faithful, a fringe group of religious Jews, to lay the cornerstone of the Third Temple

15. Mosque Architecture The rectangular al-Aqsa Mosque and its precincts are 144,000 m2 with a capacity of 400,000 worshipers, although the mosque itself is about 35,000 m2 and could hold up to 5,000 worshipers It is (83 m long, 56 m wide The dome -silver-colored dome consists of lead sheeting, unlike the Dome of the Rock which reflects classical Byzantine architecture, is strictly early Islamic architecture Nothing remains of the original dome built by Abd al-Malik. The present-day dome was built by az-Zahir and consists of wood plated with lead enamelwork In 1969, the dome was reconstructed in concrete and covered with anodized aluminum instead of the original ribbed lead enamel work sheeting. In 1983, the aluminum outer covering was replaced with lead to match the original design by az-Zahir Al-Aqsa's dome is one of the few domes to be built in front of the mihrab during the Umayyad and Abbasid periods, the others being the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus and the Great Mosque at Sousse . During the 1969 burning, the paintings were assumed to be lost, but were completely reconstructed using the trateggio technique, a method that uses fine vertical lines to distinguish reconstructed areas from original ones

16. Mosque Architecture • The rectangular al-Aqsa Mosque and its precincts are 144,000 m2 with a capacity of 400,000 worshipers, although the mosque itself is about 35,000 m2 and could hold up to 5,000 worshipers • It is (83 m long, 56 m wide • The dome -silver-colored dome consists of lead sheeting, unlike the Dome of the Rock which reflects classical Byzantine architecture, is strictly early Islamic architecture • Nothing remains of the original dome built by Abd al-Malik. The present-day dome was built by az-Zahir and consists of wood plated with lead enamelwork In 1969, the dome was reconstructed in concrete and covered with anodized aluminum instead of the original ribbed lead enamel work sheeting. • In 1983, the aluminum outer covering was replaced with lead to match the original design by az-Zahir • Al-Aqsa's dome is one of the few domes to be built in front of the mihrab during the Umayyad and Abbasid periods, the others being the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus and the Great Mosque at Sousse

17. Mosque Architecture • During the 1969 burning, the paintings were assumed to be lost, but were completely reconstructed using the trateggio technique, a method that uses fine vertical lines to distinguish reconstructed areas from original ones • The facade of the mosque was built in 1065 CE by Fatimid caliph al-Mustansir. It was crowned with a balustrade consisting of arcades and small columns. The Crusaders damaged the facade during their era of rule in Palestine, but it was restored and renovated by the Ayyubids • . One addition was the facade's covering with tiles The second-hand material of the facade's arches includes sculpted ornamental material taken from Crusader structures in Jerusalem • There are fourteen stone arches along the façade most of which are of a Romanesque style. The outer arches added by the Mamluks follow the same general design. • The entrance to the mosque is through the facade's central arc

18. Mosque Architecture • The porch is located at the top of the facade. The central bays of the porch were built by the Knights Templar during the First Crusade but Saladin's nephew al-Mu'azzam ordered the construction of the porch itself in 1217 • The mosque was consist of 15 nave the greates was the middle and adoor opened 10 arms height in each nave covered with pitched roofs and the middle is the highest one end with the wooden dome covered with lead sheets

19. Present Mosque • Consists of a large gallery on the Middle based on marble columns extending from the north to the south, covered by inlaid panels shapeliness lead, from the south end of the great dome in spherical form, • It is based on four stone pillars topped by stone four Arches, resulting in the four corner triangles, to serve as the neckof the dome. • The dome itself is composed of two layers: an internal and external, from the inside decorated with mosaics and frescoes, while from the outside has been covered by aluminum plates, and the boards newly replaced by lead, the middle nave surrounded by 3 aisles at each of western and eastern side parallel to the middle and lower him • the western aielses covered with cross- voults based on stone arches and pillars build in the Mamluk period The eastern part was covered with concrete roofs of stone pillars and vaults that have been restored and rebuilt by the Supreme Islamic Council (1357_1363)

20. Present Mosque • The façade Consists of 7 doors in the northern side, which all lead to one of the seven naves of the mosque, and the infront of the northern façade rewaq was added in the period Ayubi, • the rewaq extends from east to west, consisting of seven arches based on the stone pillars, and faced to those sevendoors • Another two doors opened in the West and East façade of of the mosque, and one in the South in the late periods

22. المسجد الاقصىو قبة الصخرة

25. Eastern view of al-Aqsa Mosque and the Fakhariyyah Minaret

31. Aqsa mosque with Al Buaraq wall

48. المسجد له 7 أبواب في الجهة الشمالية، والتي يؤدي كلُ منها إلى أحد أروقة المسجد السبعة، ويتقدم الواجهة الشمالية واجهة أخرى هي عبارة عن رواق تمت إضافته في الفترة الأيوبية، ويمتد من الشرق إلى الغرب، يتألف من سبعة عقود حجرية تقوم على دعامات حجرية، وعوضاً عن تلك الأبواب السبعة، فقد فتح بابان آخران في كل من الجهة الغربية والشرقية للمسجد، وباب واحد في الجهة الجنوبية وذلك في فترات متأخرة

49. قبة الصخرة المشرفة • تعتبر قبة الصخرة المشرفة إحدى أهم وأقدم معلم من لمعالم المعمارية الإسلامية في القدس والعالم، لعدة عوامل منها: • قدسيتها ومكانتها الدينية عند المسلمين، • شكلها الهندسي مثل رمزًا عالميًا لمدينة القدس الشريف وأقدم نموذج في العمارة الإسلامية، • وهي لوحة فنية وجمالية رائعة تطوي بين زخارفها بصمات الحضارة الإسلامية عبر عصورها المتتابعة، • تجلبت انتباه واهتمام الناس جميعا لما امتازت به من تناسق وانسجام بين عناصرها المعمارية والزخرفية حتى اعتبرت آية في فن الهندسة المعمارية