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Bed Bug Control Chemicals ; Then and Now Harold J. Harlan, Ph.D. , B.C.E .

Bed Bug Control Chemicals ; Then and Now Harold J. Harlan, Ph.D. , B.C.E . ISD , AFPMB , Wash., DC www.afpmb.org ( Feb., 2010 ). Disclaimer : - Opinions expressed during this talk are those of the speaker ONLY. - Mention of any specific brand name, product or

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Bed Bug Control Chemicals ; Then and Now Harold J. Harlan, Ph.D. , B.C.E .

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  1. Bed Bug Control Chemicals; Thenand Now Harold J. Harlan,Ph.D., B.C.E. ISD , AFPMB , Wash., DC www.afpmb.org(Feb., 2010 )

  2. Disclaimer: - Opinions expressed during this talk are those of the speaker ONLY. - Mention of any specific brand name, product or technique is intended ONLY to cite an example, and is not an endorsement by the speaker, the DoD, or the NPMA.

  3. Background Bed bugs most likely evolved along with bats and humans in caves in the Middle East or South-Central Asia. They became efficient nest-dwelling ectoparasites of warm-blooded vertebrates (i.e., certain bats, humans and birds). They have been a serious problem for humans for at least the past 250, 000 years. (Usinger 1966)

  4. Medical Importance of Bed Bugs - Found naturally infected w/ >28 human pathogens - Several species feed on humans (including: Common & Tropical Bed Bugs, Bat Bugs, & Poultry Bugs) - Can cause true allergic reactions, Asthma, and Anemia in humans - Salivary proteins cause “sensitivity” to repeated bites by large numbers of bed bugs --5stages: no reaction; delayed reaction; both immediate & delayed; immediate reaction only; & finally, no reaction -- True hypersensitivity can develop (but it is reversible) - Serious stigma to “having” an infestation - Psychological stress (trauma) of bites

  5. ImmediateBite Reactions Image by Dr. Mark Feldlaufer, USDA, Beltsville, MD

  6. DelayedReactions (> 24 hrs.) Image by Dr. Mark Feldlaufer, USDA, Beltsville, MD

  7. Ancient Bed Bug Control Actions Magical potions, incantations, baked soil, etc. a.Democritus – “hang the feet of a hare or of a stag at the foot of the bed.” b.Avicenna – “quicksilver (Hg) and oyl of roses applied to the resting places of the bugs [ in the bed or on walls ].” c.Pliny – “On hearing the first Cuckoo of Spring, take soil from under your right foot and [ it will ] drive the bugs & fleas out of the house.” (Busvine 1976,Usinger 1996)

  8. Middle Ages Bed Bug Control Chemicals Most chemicals (materials) used to control bed bugs during this period were locally mixed “potions” or “elixars” Commonest were culturally well-known poisons or biologically active materials. - [ i.e., elementals (minerals) & / or extracts of plants or other organic matter (wood or fruits, mushrooms, animal secretions, etc.] Fumigation – by burning “oxe dung” or sulfur [ & sometimes other local “recipes” ]

  9. Apothecary Shop(ca. 1300s -1500s )

  10. Early PMPs (ca. 1700 – 1940s) Used mainly elemental poisons or chemical products from plant or mineral sources. -Mercury compounds [e.g., finely-divided Hg ; Calomel (HgCl ); or ‘corrosive sublimate’(HgCl2 )] -Plant parts or extracts [e.g., Pyrethrum, nicotine, rotenone, pine oil, Hellebore, mint oils, & Stavesacre (bug-bane)]

  11. Early PMPs [ca. 1700-1940s (continued)] - John Southall - “Nonpareil” liquid(Jamacian) natural ingredients, mainly plant extracts (1740). -Organic oils & solvents [e.g., kerosene, turpentine, benzene, mineral oil, coal tar ] -Sulfur (“Brimstone”) fumigation; -ExtremeTemps.=Heat (or hot water); or Cold(e.g., vacate unheated Bldg., <0oC >1 wk.)

  12. Some Common Tools & Control Materials

  13. Sulfur Candles for Fumigation Sulfur candles can be burned or sulfur can be burned in a heat-resistant dish. Recommended rate of 2 lbs.sulfur burned per each 2,000 cu. ft. to be treated; left for a minimum of 5-6 hrs. (preferably 24 hrs) then ventilated. (USDA Recommendation in Marlatt 1916)

  14. Integrated Pest Management [ IPM ] A pest management program that includes using two (2) or more different techniques to manage (control) any target pest population. That is, some combination of: sanitation, exclusion, physical pest removal, extreme temperature, chemicals, etc . ________________________________________ Current concepts often include a range of formal steps, definitions, and specifications. Many experts claim “their way” is the only true IPM.

  15. Applying “Liquid insecticide” to Wall Crevices in a Camp Lee, Va., Barracks (1943)

  16. Placing Bedding in a Trailer-Mounted Pressure Steam Chamber at Camp Lee, Va. (1943)

  17. Dipping Bed Frames & Springs in a Vat of Strong Lysol Solution at Camp Lee, Va. (1943)

  18. Releasing HCN Gas to Fumigate a Bed Bug Infested Barracks, Camp Lee, Va. (1943)

  19. Opening a can of “HCN Discoids” to Release the Gas to Fumigate a Barracks, Camp Lee, Va. (1943)

  20. Checking for Any Residual HCN (Using Methyl Orange Papers) After Airing-Out a Fumigated Barracks, Camp Lee, Va. (1943)

  21. Synthetic Chemicals [ca. 1943-1972, (+)] ChlorinatedHydrocarbons(CH s) - DDT, Chlordane, Dieldrin, etc. Organophosphates(OP s) - Malathion, Diazinon, Chlorpyrifos, etc. Carbamates - Methyl carbamate ( Propoxur™ ), Ficam™ SyntheticPyrethroids(w/ synergists -PBO, et al.) - Allethrin, resmethrin, permethrin, deltamethrin, etc. Fumigants- sulfur, Hydrocyanic gas (HCN), CO2

  22. Some of the first Synthetic Pesticides

  23. Available for Bed BugsNow(ca. 1975 - present) Pyrethroids (synthetic & natural) - Pyrethrums (w/ PBO), β-cyfluthrin, bifenthrin, permethrin, deltamethrin Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) - Hydroprene (Gentrol™), Nylar™, etc. Chlorfenapyr (e.g., Phantom™) “Natural” Products [ e.g., Mint oils, cedar oil, octopamine (EcoSmart™ a.i.), etc. ] Fumigation w/ Sulphuryl Flouride (Vikane™), - Al Phosphide (AlPH3), carbon dioxide (CO2)

  24. Chemicals for Bed Bug control w/ Current NSNs Pyrethroids - beta-cyfluthrin 2 products (Tempo™) - bifenthrin 1 product ( Talstar™ ) - deltamethrin 2 products ( KillsBedBugs-II™, & D-force™) - Lambda-cyhalothrin ( Demand CS™ & Surrender Pestabs™) Chlorfenapyr( Phantom™ ) IGRs-( Hydroprene) 2 products pending a 3rd one

  25. Joint Statement - Pending The U.S. EPA and CDC have recently completed crafting a joint statement that reportedly declares Bed Bugs to be “A Pest of Public Health Importance” (or very similar wording) and it has been forwarded up their respective organizational chains for signatures by a senior administrator of each of them before it will be “officially released.”

  26. Exemption Request - Propoxur (by O.D.A.) In Nov. 2009, the Ohio Dept. of Agric. (O.D.A.) submitted a request to the E.P.A., under Section 18, FIFRA (7 U.S.C. 136 p.) asking emergency exemption of three formulations of propoxur be re-instated for use to control bed bugs inside residential buildings and certain other sites. Nov. 5, 2009, the Pres. of ASPCRO sent a letter to EPA expressing support for the exemption. At least 18 states/territories want to join the action, and 8 more might join, depending on proposed label language specifics. On Jan. 6, 2020, EPA requested input from stakeholders NLT 21 Jan., 2010 (FR75-3-858).

  27. Questions?

  28. A FewSuggestedReferences(a.) Busvine, J. R., 1976. Insects, Hygiene and History. Athlone Press, London, UK. 262 pp. Comstock, J. H.1950. An Introduction to Entomology. Comstock Publ. Co., Ithaca, NY. 1064 p. Gerberg, E. J.1943. Bed bug control manual for Camp Lee, Virginia. U. S. Army Medical Field Svc. School, Carlisle Barracks, PA. 83 pp. Federal Register, Vol. 75, No. 3, 6 Jan. 2010. (EPA) “Propoxur; Receipt of application for emergency exemption; Solicitation of public comment.” pp. 858-859. [NLT: 21 Jan.]

  29. A FewSuggestedReferences(a.) Marlatt, C. L.1916. The bedbug. Farmers’ Bull. No. 754, USDA, Washington, DC. 12 p. Scott, E. W., W.S. Abbott, and J. E. Dudley, Jr.1918. Results of experiments with miscellaneous substances against bed bugs, cockroaches, clothes moths, an carpet beetles. USDA Bulletin No. 707. Washington, DC. 37 pp. Snetsinger, R. L., 1983. The Ratcatcher’s Child. FranzK & Foster, Cleveland, OH 294 pp. Usinger, R.1966. Monograph of Cimicidae. Thomas Say Foundation, Vol. VII, Entomol. Soc. Amer., Lanham, MD .

  30. A FewSuggestedWeb Sites These sites can be “searched” for more details, images, etc. about Bed Bugs. Armed Forces Pest Mgt. Board:www.afpmb.org National Pest Management Assn.: www.pestworld.org PCT Magazine web site.www.pctonline.com Pest Management Professional web site. www.pestcontrolmag.com( formerly = Pest Control) The Univ. ofKY Extension Entomology web site. www.uky.edu/Entomology/entfacts/struct/ef636.htm Coopers’ PestSolutionswww.cooperpest.com Or, Search for “bed bugs” on www.Google.com [ Note - some “facts” on some websites are wrong !! ]

  31. Fly “Gun”( Low-Tech )

  32. Adult Female Feeding & Defecating Image by K. Reinhardt, courtesy of Jonathan Peck

  33. Eggs and Droppings

  34. Life Cycle of the Bed Bug,Cimexlectularius Image by Stephen Doggett

  35. Bed Bug & Rusty Spots on a Sheet

  36. Adult Bed Bugs Mating

  37. Bed Bug Biology Feed only on Blood – Mammals or Birds Attach small (1 mm long ) whitish eggs to surfaces in harborages where the bugs hide in loose clusters 5 Nymphal instars ( Need >1 blood meal each instar ) Life Cycle takes 4-5 weeks (egg-to-egg) in ‘good’ conditions [ 75-80% RH; 83-90o F ] Female may lay 200-500 eggs in her lifetime (1-3/day ) Adults can survive >1 yr. w/o feeding [ Nymphs 3-4 mo.] Mating – “Traumatic” Insemination

  38. Typical BedBug Behavior - Nocturnal, harbor in clusters, but NOT ‘social’ - Hide in daytime in cracks, crevices, behind baseboards, bed frames, mattress seams, etc. - Take a blood meal to repletion in 3-10 min. - “Prefer” humans but feed on other hosts, too - Can go 5-20 ft. (each way; same night) to feed - Feed every few days if hosts available - Often void part of previous meal while feeding - Can remain fully active at <45oF [if acclimated for 24 hrs at < 60o F ]

  39. Bed Bugs (C. lectularius) and C.S.I. _______________________ Blood meal a. Might help determine Post-Mortem Interval (p.m.i.) - Can ID human blood <60 days. b. Molecular methods (PCR, RFLP, etc.) might ID specific person at the crime scene ________________________________________ Szalanski, A. L., J. W. Austin, J. A. McKern, T. McCoy, C. Dayton Steelman, and D. Miller. 2008 . Time course analysis of bed bug, Cimexlectularius L., (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) blood meals with the use of Polymerase chain reaction. J. Agric. Urban Entomol. Vol. 00 (2008): 1-5.

  40. Corpse “crawling” with Bed Bugs (e.g.)

  41. “Watch your back” (& legs, arms,etc.) 1. PMPs can (sometimes do) takebed bugshome from an inspection site. 2. So can Public Health home visitors, and outreach workers of all specialties. 3. So can anyone who is a “First Responder” (e.g., Police, Fire, EMT). 4. Even Technicians who service “home devices,” like TVs, phones, PCs, etc.

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