Comprehensive Review: Joints and Movements in Human Anatomy

1. Chapter 5-C Test Review

2. Define and characterize the following joints: synarthrodial, amphiarthrodial, and diarthrodial. • synarthroses- (synarthrodial) immovable joints ex. Skull • amphiarthroses- (amphiarthrodial) slightly movable joints, ex. Bones of hand or instep • diarthroses- (diarthrodial) freely movable joints, ex. Bones of shoulder, knee etc.

3. Explain how fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints are related to the above ( # 1) joints. 1. Fibrous joints (mostly synarthrodial) • bones connected by fibrous tissue • no cavity between the bones • allows very limited if any movement (if the fibers are longer, it may allow a little movement) • example- sutures of the skull

4. Explain how fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints are related to the above ( # 1) joints. 2. Cartilaginous joints- (includes all classifications, but mainly amphiarthrodial) • bones are connected by cartilage • no cavity between the bones • examples- epiphyseal plate of long bones, ribs to sternum • acts as shock absorption, not for major movement 3. Synovial joints- (mostly diarthrodial joints) • separated by fluid • allows freedom of movement • structure

5. Explain the following types of movements: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, • flexion- results in a decrease in the angle of a joint; bones get closer together • extension- results in an increase in the angle of a joint; bone move farther apart • abduction- when a body part (usually an appendage) is moved away from the midline (laterally) • adduction- when a body part (usually an appendage) is moved towards the midline (medially); added to the midline

6. Explain the following types of movements: dorsi flexion, plantar flexion, rotation, • Dorsi flexion- bringing the top of the foot closer to the tibia (toes up) • Plantar flexion- moving the top of the foot away from the tibia (pointing toes) • rotation- when the bone turns on its long axis; example- radius

7. Explain the following types of movements: pronation, supination, and circumduction • Pronation- turning the palms of the hand down • Supination- turning the palms of the hand upward • circumduction- when a body part (usually an appendage) moves in a circular cone- like motion; distal end moves/ proximal end stays still

8. What is the structure of synovial joints? Include: articular cartilage, joint cavity, capsule, • articular cartilage- located on the ends of the bones; provides for a smooth surface, reduces friction • joint cavity- space between the bones, filled with fluid • capsule- membrane that holds the fluid; surrounds the joint, made of connective tissue (synovial membrane)

9. What is the structure of synovial joints? synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, fatty pads, • synovial fluid- fluid found within the capsule; used as a lubricant, and shock absorption • reinforcing ligaments- attach bone to bone, found at the joint, some joints have more than others • fatty pads/ fibro-cartilage disc (bursa)- found in some joints used for extra shock absorption and friction reducers

10. What is the structure of synovial joints? synovial membrane, and articulating bones. • Synovial membrane- the capsule or membrane that holds the fluid; surrounds the joint, made of connective tissue • Articulating bones- the bones that join together to make up a joint

11. What are the functions of ligaments and muscle tone for the stability of joints? • ligaments- regulate the direction and degree of movement; more ligaments = more strength/ if ligaments are stretched the joints becomes “loose” or less stable • muscle tone- tension in the tendons from healthy muscles help to strengthen and stabilize a joint

12. Describe the types of diarthrodial (synovial) joints. Include: hinge, pivot, saddle, gliding, and ball and socket. • hinge- joint that bends on 1 plane; example knee, elbow • pivot- when bones will rotate around each other; ex. Radius • saddle- allows motion in 2 planes; ex. Thumb • ball and socket- ball of one bone fits into the socket of another; ex. Shoulder and hip • gliding- when bones glide over one another; ex hands and feet

13. Explain the following injuries: sprain, cartilage tear, dislocation • sprain- when the ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn; takes awhile it repair or heal because ligaments are poorly vascularized • cartilage tear- cartilage is avascular so cannot repair itself, loose particles of cartilage can get in the way of joint action; usually will be removed by arthroscopic surgery • dislocation- when a bone is forced out of it’s normal position; usually accompanied by other injuries

14. Explain the following injuries: bursitis, tendonitis, and arthritis. • bursitis- when the bursa (synovial capsule ) lining swells; very painful; caused by stress and over use • tendonitis- when the covering around the tendons (sheath) swell; caused by use and stress; also swelling on the tendon “tie- in” • arthritis- swelling in the area’s of the joint; caused by many things; painful, stiffness

15. What are the three common symptoms of all types of arthritis? • Pain • Stiffness • Swelling- sometimes accompanied by fever

16. Describe: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gout. • Osteoarthritis • Most common chronic arthritis • Probably related to normal aging processes • Rheumatoid arthritis • An autoimmune disease – the immune system attacks the joints • Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints • Often leads to deformities • Gouty Arthritis (hyperuricemia) • Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of urate crystals from the blood • Can usually be controlled with diet

17. Explain an ellipsoid joint. • ellipsoid- joint in the wrist and ankles • A modified ball and socket joint (multiple bones)