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Explore the types of joints in the human body, including synarthrodial, amphiarthrodial, and diarthrodial, and learn about different types of movements and joint injuries. Discover the structures and functions of fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints. Understand the importance of ligaments and muscle tone for joint stability.
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Define and characterize the following joints: synarthrodial, amphiarthrodial, and diarthrodial. • synarthroses- (synarthrodial) immovable joints ex. Skull • amphiarthroses- (amphiarthrodial) slightly movable joints, ex. Bones of hand or instep • diarthroses- (diarthrodial) freely movable joints, ex. Bones of shoulder, knee etc.
Explain how fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints are related to the above ( # 1) joints. 1. Fibrous joints (mostly synarthrodial) • bones connected by fibrous tissue • no cavity between the bones • allows very limited if any movement (if the fibers are longer, it may allow a little movement) • example- sutures of the skull
Explain how fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints are related to the above ( # 1) joints. 2. Cartilaginous joints- (includes all classifications, but mainly amphiarthrodial) • bones are connected by cartilage • no cavity between the bones • examples- epiphyseal plate of long bones, ribs to sternum • acts as shock absorption, not for major movement 3. Synovial joints- (mostly diarthrodial joints) • separated by fluid • allows freedom of movement • structure
Explain the following types of movements: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, • flexion- results in a decrease in the angle of a joint; bones get closer together • extension- results in an increase in the angle of a joint; bone move farther apart • abduction- when a body part (usually an appendage) is moved away from the midline (laterally) • adduction- when a body part (usually an appendage) is moved towards the midline (medially); added to the midline
Explain the following types of movements: dorsi flexion, plantar flexion, rotation, • Dorsi flexion- bringing the top of the foot closer to the tibia (toes up) • Plantar flexion- moving the top of the foot away from the tibia (pointing toes) • rotation- when the bone turns on its long axis; example- radius
Explain the following types of movements: pronation, supination, and circumduction • Pronation- turning the palms of the hand down • Supination- turning the palms of the hand upward • circumduction- when a body part (usually an appendage) moves in a circular cone- like motion; distal end moves/ proximal end stays still
What is the structure of synovial joints? Include: articular cartilage, joint cavity, capsule, • articular cartilage- located on the ends of the bones; provides for a smooth surface, reduces friction • joint cavity- space between the bones, filled with fluid • capsule- membrane that holds the fluid; surrounds the joint, made of connective tissue (synovial membrane)
What is the structure of synovial joints? synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, fatty pads, • synovial fluid- fluid found within the capsule; used as a lubricant, and shock absorption • reinforcing ligaments- attach bone to bone, found at the joint, some joints have more than others • fatty pads/ fibro-cartilage disc (bursa)- found in some joints used for extra shock absorption and friction reducers
What is the structure of synovial joints? synovial membrane, and articulating bones. • Synovial membrane- the capsule or membrane that holds the fluid; surrounds the joint, made of connective tissue • Articulating bones- the bones that join together to make up a joint
What are the functions of ligaments and muscle tone for the stability of joints? • ligaments- regulate the direction and degree of movement; more ligaments = more strength/ if ligaments are stretched the joints becomes “loose” or less stable • muscle tone- tension in the tendons from healthy muscles help to strengthen and stabilize a joint
Describe the types of diarthrodial (synovial) joints. Include: hinge, pivot, saddle, gliding, and ball and socket. • hinge- joint that bends on 1 plane; example knee, elbow • pivot- when bones will rotate around each other; ex. Radius • saddle- allows motion in 2 planes; ex. Thumb • ball and socket- ball of one bone fits into the socket of another; ex. Shoulder and hip • gliding- when bones glide over one another; ex hands and feet
Explain the following injuries: sprain, cartilage tear, dislocation • sprain- when the ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn; takes awhile it repair or heal because ligaments are poorly vascularized • cartilage tear- cartilage is avascular so cannot repair itself, loose particles of cartilage can get in the way of joint action; usually will be removed by arthroscopic surgery • dislocation- when a bone is forced out of it’s normal position; usually accompanied by other injuries
Explain the following injuries: bursitis, tendonitis, and arthritis. • bursitis- when the bursa (synovial capsule ) lining swells; very painful; caused by stress and over use • tendonitis- when the covering around the tendons (sheath) swell; caused by use and stress; also swelling on the tendon “tie- in” • arthritis- swelling in the area’s of the joint; caused by many things; painful, stiffness
What are the three common symptoms of all types of arthritis? • Pain • Stiffness • Swelling- sometimes accompanied by fever
Describe: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gout. • Osteoarthritis • Most common chronic arthritis • Probably related to normal aging processes • Rheumatoid arthritis • An autoimmune disease – the immune system attacks the joints • Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints • Often leads to deformities • Gouty Arthritis (hyperuricemia) • Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of urate crystals from the blood • Can usually be controlled with diet
Explain an ellipsoid joint. • ellipsoid- joint in the wrist and ankles • A modified ball and socket joint (multiple bones)