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Tides and Orbital Evolution

Satellites typically form in circular orbits with synchronous rotation due to tidal forces, leading to a static tidal bulge and geological inactivity. This inactivity arises because geological processes are driven by tidal friction, which ceases without the presence of rotational or radial tides. While low mass satellites are believed to quickly move into these stable orbits, some, like Io, demonstrate geological activity contrary to early assumptions. This work explores the balance of forces that shape satellite orbits and the implications for geological evolution.

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Tides and Orbital Evolution

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  1. Tides and Orbital Evolution

  2. Normal Satellite Orbital Evolution Satellites normally develop circular orbits with synchronous rotation as a result of tidal forces. A circular/synchronous orbit creates a static tidal bulge, which in turn, renders the satellite geologically inactive.

  3. Geological Activity Geological activity is caused by tidal friction. Without rotational tides or radial tides to produce tidal friction, a satellite/planet becomes geologically inactive.

  4. Normal Satellite Orbital Evolution Satellites normally develop circular orbits with synchronous rotation as a result of tidal forces. A circular/synchronous orbit creates a static tidal bulge, which in turn, renders the satellite geologically inactive.

  5. Early Assumptions Satellites of low mass move into circular/synchronous orbits quickly. It was once thought that the Galilean Moons were in such an orbit. However, infrared observations of Io hinted at geological activity. Speculations were fueled by theories of orbital resonance.

  6. Forced/Free Eccentricity Free Forced Io .00001 .0041 Europa .00002 .00101 Ganymede .0015 .0006

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