1. Mammals are characterized by each of the following EXCEPT • mammary glands. • hair. • endothermy. • three-chambered hearts.

2. A feature that is present in most female mammals, but not male mammals, is • generating body heat internally. • subcutaneous fat. • the ability to nourish young with milk. • breathing air.

3. To determine whether a vertebrate is a bird or a mammal, it would be useful to know if it • has a four-chambered heart. • breathes air. • has hair. • is an endotherm.

4. Which organ is used by a cow to feed her newborn calf? • mammary gland • placenta • marsupium • rumen

5. The first true mammals appeared during the • Permian Period. • late Triassic Period. • Cretaceous Period. • Cenozoic Era.

6. The three main groups of mammals are the • monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals. • platypuses, echidnas, and marsupials. • rodents, carnivores, and primates. • kangaroos, koalas, and wombats.

7. The earliest mammals • appeared about 65 million years ago and had simple teeth. • were large and resembled modern elephants. • were small and probably were most active during the daytime. • probably were nocturnal and ate insects.

8. To release heat from their bodies when necessary, some mammals use their • external body hair. • subcutaneous fat. • sweat glands. • high rate of metabolism.

9. Mammals that have baleen feed on • insects. • nectar. • plankton. • fruit.

10. Which body system includes the rumen? • respiratory • circulatory • excretory • digestive

11. 1. 2. 3. 4. Which sequence correctly describes the path of newly swallowed plant food through the digestive tract of a cow? • Picture Choice 1 • Picture Choice 2 • Picture Choice 3 • Picture Choice 4

12. The volume of the chest cavity increases when • the rib cage lowers. • air leaves the lungs. • the diaphragm contracts. • the bottom of the chest cavity moves upward.

13. The mammalian circulatory system consists of • one loop powered by a four-chambered heart. • two separate loops powered by a four-chambered heart. • two separate loops powered by a three-chambered heart. • four separate loops powered by a two-chambered heart.

14. In mammals, the amount of water in the body is controlled mainly by the • kidneys. • diaphragm. • heart. • lungs.

15. Which part of a mammal’s brain contains a well-developed cerebral cortex—the center of thinking? • medulla oblongata • spinal cord • cerebrum • cerebellum

16. A mammal that cannot properly adjust its breathing rate under varying conditions probably has a defect in its • medulla oblongata. • spinal cord. • cerebrum. • cerebellum.

17. One group of mammals is reproductively different from the other two groups because its members • are live-bearing. • reproduce by external fertilization. • lay eggs. • do not nourish their young with milk.

18. The egg-laying mammals are called • marsupials. • monotremes. • placental mammals. • insectivores.

19. An example of an animal with a marsupium is a(an) • elephant. • sea lion. • mouse. • kangaroo.

20. The only continent on which you can expect to find a wild mammal with a cloaca is • North America. • South America. • Australia. • Africa.

21. The function of a placenta is to • exchange materials between an embryo and its mother. • store and process newly swallowed plant food. • store urine until it is eliminated from the body. • increase the volume of the chest cavity during breathing.

22. In which of the following mammals does an embryo spend the most time developing inside the mother? • echidna • elephant • kangaroo • koala

23. Mammals of species X reproduce without forming a placenta. You could determine to which of the three groups of mammals species X belongs if you knew any of the following EXCEPT • how its reproductive and urinary systems connect to the outside of the body. • what happens to its eggs after they are fertilized. • how it controls its body temperature. • how its young obtain milk from the mother.

24. Which of the following mammals is a proboscidean? • shrew • rabbit • bat • elephant

25. A hoofed mammal is either a(an) • perissodactyl or a proboscidean. • perissodactyl or an artiodactyl. • artiodactyl or a sirenian. • sirenian or a xenarthran.

26. Which of the following animals is LEAST closely related to the other three? • mole • vole • mouse • porcupine

27. The similar appearance of armadillos and aardvarks is an example of • continental drift. • convergent evolution. • social interaction. • homeostasis.

28. Continental drift caused the separation of different mammal groups from one another during the • early Triassic Period. • Permian Period. • early Cenozoic Era. • Paleozoic Era.

29. Convergent evolution has occurred in mammals because • continents have drifted apart. • similar ecological opportunities have existed in widely separated places. • climate underwent changes in the past. • different mammals eat the same foods.

30. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of primates? • opposable digits • a well-developed cerebrum • binocular vision • a cloaca

31. Having a thumb that can move against the other fingers makes it possible for a primate to • hold objects firmly. • merge visual images. • display elaborate social behaviors. • judge the locations of tree branches.

32. A primate that is blind in one eye would have difficulty • distinguishing between objects on the basis of their color. • seeing the full range of colors that a primate with two eyes can see. • estimating the distance to an unfamiliar object. • holding an object in the hand that is on the same side as that eye.

33. An example of a prosimian is a(an) • spider monkey. • baboon. • orangutan. • lemur.

34. A primate that uses its prehensile tail to swing from branch to branch is the • gibbon. • squirrel monkey. • macaque. • orangutan.

35. The group that includes gibbons and humans but does not include tarsiers is the • primates. • prosimians. • hominoids. • hominids.

36. On which continent would you find a monkey that can hold onto a branch while it uses its hands and feet to grasp something else? • South America • Africa • Asia • Australia

37. Hominids differ from other primates on the basis of all of the following EXCEPT • brain size. • method of reproduction. • method of locomotion. • shape of the hip bones.

38. Bipedal locomotion consists of • swinging from branch to branch. • using the tail to grasp branches during walking. • moving the big toe against the other digits. • walking on two feet.

39. Fossil evidence indicates that Australopithecus afarensis • was primarily a meat-eater. • had a large brain. • was bipedal. • appeared later than Homo ergaster.

40. Most paleontologists think that Paranthropus was a(an) • ancestor of Australopithecus. • ancestor of modern gorillas. • ancestor of modern humans. • distant relative of modern humans.

41. The earliest hominid that belonged to the same genus as modern humans was probably • Homo habilis. • Homo neanderthalensis. • Homo afarensis. • Homo ergaster.

42. Suppose scientists could compare the DNA of modern humans with the DNA of Homo erectus populations that lived in different sites around the world. If the DNA of a modern human native to each site were found to be most similar to the DNA of Homo erectus from the same site, that finding would • support the multiregional model. • support the out-of-Africa model. • support both the multiregional model and the out-of-Africa model. • disprove both the multiregional model and the out-of-Africa model.

43. Two hominids whose fossils you would NOT expect to find in rocks of the same age are • Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis. • Kenyanthropus platyops and Australopithecus afarensis. • Homo ergaster and Homo erectus. • Homo neanderthalensis and Australopithecus afarensis.

44. Which statement is true of the Neanderthals? • They evolved after the Cro-Magnons. • They made stone tools. • They became extinct about 1 million years ago. • They replaced Homo sapiens in Europe and the Middle East.

45. Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of the Cro-Magnons? • making sophisticated stone blades • producing cave paintings • having a skeleton similar to that of a gorilla • burying their dead with elaborate rituals

46. All mammals are ectotherms. _________________________ • True • False

47. The first mammals were very large. _________________________ • True • False

48. The Permian Period is usually called the Age of Mammals. _________________________ • True • False

49. The first true mammals evolved before the period during which dinosaurs were the dominant land vertebrates. _________________________ • True • False

50. A mammal with reduced canines and flattened premolars is most likely a herbivore. _________________________ • True • False