“It is an unfortunate fact that we can secure peace only by preparing for war.” - John F. Kennedy

1. “It is an unfortunate fact that we can secure peace only by preparing for war.”- John F. Kennedy More than $2 billion of candy is sold for Halloween, more than any other holiday.

2. Germany 1919-1939 The Rise of the Nazis

3. 1923: Crisis Year • Fr. and Belgium in Ruhr enforcing Treaty of V. for war reparations. • Hyperinflation hits an all-time high: • Germ. gov. has no reserves; people have no savings. • Putsch attempts: • Communist (L) attempts: Red October • On R, paramilitary groups trying to mobilize against Fr. • Extreme political disunity: 8 parties in the Reichstag (Germ. Parliament).

6. Hitler and the Beer Hall Putsch:November 1923 • Hitler tries to copy Mussolini’s Blackshirt march on Rome – march on Berlin. • March falls apart quickly and Hitler is imprisoned for treason. • Hitler realizes that Putsch (coup) is not the proper path, he must take power by electoral means.

11. Stabilization? • Aug. 16, 1924: Representatives of the French government agree to leave the Ruhr during the London Conference of World War I reparations. • Aug. 29: Dawes Plan – settlement for reparations (lower yearly payments). • October 10 - An international loan is granted to Germany to help the reconstruction of Germany's economy and industry. • November 18-November 30 - France and Belgium return control of the Ruhr to Germany.

12. Stabilization? • 1925: Treaty of Locarno; Germ. W. border stabilized. • 1926: Germany enters the League of Nations. • May 1928: Reichstag elections imply stability – moderate parties elected. • However: • Oct. 1929: Stock market crashes in NY, Am. calls in its loans from the Dawes Plan.

13. Germany’s Problems • Bad economy = hyperinflation and less jobs. • High unemployment rates due to growing population; the young are unemployed. • New women: women taking jobs in the 1920s; break with traditional roles. • Breakdown in parliamentary democracy: constant experimentation and political parties can’t agree. • People looking to both L & R for answers.

14. www.germannotes.com/hist_weimar.shtml

15. Early Days of the Nazi Party • The Nazi party formed in the immediate aftermath of WWI in Bavaria among RR workers in Munich. • Social change, nationalism, and reaching out to workers. • NSDAP: National Socialist German Workers Party. • Hitler originally joined as a spy, but he soon became a major figure in the Bavarian R. • Fr. funded the party: weaken Germ. • Favored by industrialists: workers and conservatism.

16. ** On August 7, 1920, this flag became the official emblem of the Nazi Party. In Mein Kampf, Hitler described the Nazis' new flag: "In red we see the social idea of the movement, in white the nationalistic idea, in the swastika the mission of the struggle for the victory of the Aryan man, and, by the same token, the victory of the idea of creative work, which as such always has been and always will be anti-Semitic."

17. Bavaria (M) goeurope.about.com/.../l/bl_german_state.htm

18. Early Days of the Nazi Party • Beer Hall Putsch, 1923; Hitler goes to jail. • While Hitler is in jail for treason (1 yr. – good behavior), he writes Mien Kampf (My Struggle) in which he lays out the core of Nazi ideology in the form of an autobiography. • Hitler concludes that the Weimar Republic won’t be destroyed by force, he must try to build up power legally by getting enough Nazi representation in the Reichstag to be appointed Chancellor.

19. Mien Kampf

20. Who was Adolf Hitler? • April 20, 1889 – April 30, 1945. • Born in Braunau am Inn, Austria; fourth child of six. • Rumors existed that Hitler was one-quarter Jewish, however, these rumors were never confirmed (Hitler hid his past well). • From 1905 on, Hitler lived in Vienna on an orphan's pension and support from his mother as a struggling painter. • He was rejected twice by the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna (1907–1908).

27. Who was Adolf Hitler? • After being rejected a second time by the Academy of Arts, Hitler ran out of money. • In 1909, he sought refuge in a homeless shelter. • By 1910, he had settled into a house for poor working men. • Hitler says he first became an anti-Semite in Vienna, which was a hotbed of religious prejudice. • However, Mien Kampf does not seem very anti-Semitic (He often was a guest for dinner in a noble Jewish house, and Jewish merchants tried to sell his paintings.)

28. Who was Adolf Hitler? • Despite his seemingly lack of anti-Semitism, Hitler still viewed the Jews as enemies of the “Aryan Race” and blamed them for Austria’s and Germ.’s problems. • He also identified certain forms of Socialism and Bolshevism, which had many Jewish leaders, as Jewish movements, merging his anti-Semitism with anti-Marxism. • In WWI he was a courier and given the Iron Cross for bravery. • After WWI, he entered into politics through his involvement in the Nazi party.

31. Hitler on the Move • When Hitler got out of prison in 1924, he sets out to build support for himself and the Nazis all over Germ. • In the summer of 1932, the Nazi party had 37% representation in the Reichstag. • Hitler’s role in the rise of the Nazi party was very important; he was a highly energetic and charismatic speaker known as the “Führer” of the National Socialist Party.

32. Nazi Party Rally, 1928

33. www.germannotes.com/hist_adolf_hitler.shtml

34. www.orange-papers.org/orange-rroot240.html

35. www.11th-hour.info/Articles/4th_Reich.html

36. The Rise of the Nazi Party • Main factors for rise: • 1) Treaty of Versailles: Germ. people opposed to it, Centre party trying to fulfill it, and Nazi’s claimed they wouldn’t comply with it. • 2) Depression: Germ. people are drawn towards the party because Hitler says he will solve Germ.’s economic problems; people ready for change. • 3) Force for order and stability: SA men fighting to smash socialists and communists.

37. The Sturmabteilung (SA) • “Storm department", or ("stormtroop(er)s"); Brownshirts. • Paramilitary organization of the Nazi party. • It played a key role in Adolf Hitler's rise to power in the 1930s. e-militaria.com/.../index.htm

39. The Rise of the Nazi Party • 4) Ideology broad enough to appeal to everyone: • Volksgemeinschaft: racial community of the Germ. people working together to achieve ntl. greatness. • Lebensraum: living space in the E., room for expansion, T of V unjust in taking away land. • Anti-Semitism: Jews are a scapegoat for WWI, seen as exploiters of the Germ. People (modernization and big business), and communists. • Extreme anti-Semitism was unpopular so it was played down.

40. The Rise of the Nazi Party • 5) The “Führer” principle: strong-man leader principle; time of chaos, people are looking for a strong leader. • 6) Back room deals with other conservatives with the Nazi party for power. • 7) Split of the L parties; lack of support from the Germ. people.

41. Weimar Gov. in Crisis: 1929-1930 • Depression and Dawes Plan. • Prior to the Depression, Germ. est. a social safety net for the people, however, due to the Depression their were not enough employed people to support the welfare program. • The coalition of the 4 parties in the Reichstag breaks down, government now turns to the authoritarian rule of the President.

42. Weimar Gov. in Crisis: 1929-1930 • President had authority to make emergency decrees (laws) – Article 48. • There is a check on this power though, the parliament has to sign off on the laws. • However, if the parliament refuses to sign off on the laws, the President can dissolve the Parliament and call for new elections. • In 1930, President Hindenburg (85) appoints Heinrich Brüning from the moderate Center party to form a minority government; Brüning rules as Chancellor and uses Article 48 to issue emergency decrees.

43. Hindenburg and Brüning

44. Weimar Gov. in Crisis: 1929-1930 • The other parties tolerate Brüning’s authority, however, in 1931-32, article 48 was seen as being abused. • In 1932, Hindenburg dissolved the Parliament. • In reelections, people turned to more radical parties: communists and Nazis. • Both B and H recognize that this is happening, they wanted to weaken the W. gov. b/c they felt the gov. would function better outside of Parliament – save Germ.

45. Weimar Gov. in Crisis: 1929-1930 • The new Chancellors after B, Franz von Papen and Kurt von Schleicher, have no support from the Parliament and have to rely on Article 48 to accomplish anything. • Both are unsuccessful in trying to deal with the economic situation; things still bad in 1932. • In the 1932 elections, Nazis have 37% of the vote and are the largest party in Parliament: supposed to nominate the chancellor and form a coalition.

46. Papen and Schleicher

48. Hitler Becomes Chancellor • Hitler pressures Hindenburg to have him be Chancellor; H. says no, he sees the Nazis as a party of rabble rousers, unwashed politicians. • This view is shared by H’s advisors and the other parties. • However, many felt the Nazi’s and Hitler could be tamed if put into power; they also wanted to have the people support of the Nazi’s for themselves. • January 30, 1933: Hitler is appointed Chancellor.