Pupillary Physiology Stuart R. Steinhauer, Ph.D. Biometrics Research Program

1. Pupillary Physiology Stuart R. Steinhauer, Ph.D. Biometrics Research Program University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine & VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System (http://www.wpic.pitt.edu/research/biometrics) Society for Psychophysiological Research Workshop, Boston, September 14, 2011

2. little is achieved by one alone,Thanks to all of the following: Greg J. Siegle, Ph.D. Ruth Condray, Ph.D. Samay Jain, M.D. Beatrice Chakraborty, Psy.D. Adam L. Clarke, B.S. Erin E. Kelly, B.S. J. Richard Jennings, Shirley Y. Hill, Lisa A. Morrow Gad Hakerem, Joseph Zubin, Samuel Sutton Work has been supported by the Department of Veterans Affairs and National Institute of Mental Health

5. Pupil of the Eye.net • Pupil of the Eye ... United in Spirit ... In Service to All • “Bahá'u'lláh once compared the coloured people to the black pupil of the eye surrounded by the white. In this black pupil you see the reflection of that which is before it, and through it the light of the Spirit shines forth. In the sight of God colour makes no difference at all, He looks at the hearts of men. That which God desires from men is the heart...”

6. Gray’s Anatomy, 20th Ed., via Wikipedia

7. http://www.ndrs.scot.nhs.uk/Train/Handbook/drh-21.htm

8. http://www.army-technology.com/features/feature1644/feature1644-4.htmlhttp://www.army-technology.com/features/feature1644/feature1644-4.html

11. www.center4sight.com/anisocoria

14. Measuring sustained cognitive load via pupil dilation

15. Horizontal Diameter Measured to .025 mm, 60/sec

18. Alexandritis, 1985

19. n.III Oculomotor Nucleus

20. Edinger Westphal Nucleus(4 on right figure)

23. Alexandritis, 1985

25. Hypothalamic Nuclei

27. Posterior Hypothalamic Nuclei(sympathetic)

28. Lowenstein, 1955 Dilation Inhibition of Constriction 7 Hypothalamus 12 Oculomotor nucleus

29. White & Depue, J.Pers.Soc.Psychol., 1999, quoting Ranson & Clark, 1959

30. White & Depue, J.Pers.Soc.Psychol., 1999, quoting Ranson & Clark, 1959

31. Autonomic Contributions to Pupillary Dilation

32. Experimental Dissociation of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Components

33. Serial “Subtraction” Task Begin Data Collection End Data Collection Instructions: Subtract 7 or Add 1 Verbalize 5 sec 60 sec Reticular Activating System inhibits Edinger-Westphal center of Oculomotor Nucleus Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) inhibits E-W & Activates Posterior Hypothalamus

34. Pupil Diameter Increases With Task Demand Steinhauer et al., Int. J. Psychophysiology, 2004

35. What can interfere with the light reflex?(other than brightness, visual field, hue) • Fear (Szabadi, Bitsios, 1996) • Apprehension (Loewenfeld, 1958; 1993) • Motor response (Loewenfeld, 1993; Gavriysky, 1991) • Cognition (Steinhauer, 2000)

36. Motor Response cued by tone inhibits Light Reaction even after onset of light stimulus Light Duration = 1000 msec, Tone Duration = 40 msec

37. Effect of Task Demand on Light Reaction

38. Light Reaction, Superimposed at Baseline Placebo 0.2 0 -0.2 Placebo, Subtract 7 -0.4 Change in Diameter (mm) Placebo, Add 1 -0.6 Placebo, No Task -0.8 -1 Light Stimulus -200 200 600 1000 1400 1800 2200 2600 3000 3400 Time (msec) (n = 29 healthy subjects)

39. Prestimulus Pupil Diameter 7.0 Group: F1,35= 5.6, p=0.008 6.5 6.0 Condition: F 1.4,50.1 = 47.1 , p < 0.001 Pre-stimulus Diameter (mm) GROUP 5.5 Control 5.0 Schizophrenic 4.5 Alcoholic Light Only Serial +1 Serial -7

41. Loewenfeld, 1993

42. Dapiprazole Loewenfeld, 1993

43. Blockade of Sphincter or Dilator on Diameter in relation to Task Demand Steinhauer et al., Int. J. Psychophysiology, 2004

45. Placebo Dapiprazole Tropicamide (Block Dilator) (Block Sphincter) 8 No Task and Add 1 7.5 superimposed 7 Subtract 7 6.5 Add 1 No Task 6 Diameter (mm) 5.5 5 4.5 4 200 600 600 200 200 600 -200 -200 -200 2600 1800 2200 3400 1400 1800 3400 1000 1400 1800 2200 3000 1000 1400 2600 3000 1000 2200 2600 3000 3400 Time (msec)

47. Steinhauer & Zubin, 1982

49. Steinhauer & Hakerem, 1992