1 / 16

EVIDENCE

EVIDENCE. Definition???? Support for a claim that is discovered from experience or outside authority (page 112). A “claim” is just an “assertion” UNTIL and UNLESS it is supported by evidence What qualifies as “evidence” (and is accepted as valid) varies by the spheres being appealed to.

khuyen
Télécharger la présentation

EVIDENCE

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. EVIDENCE • Definition???? • Support for a claim that is discovered from experience or outside authority (page 112)

  2. A “claim” is just an “assertion” UNTIL and UNLESS it is supported by evidence • What qualifies as “evidence” (and is accepted as valid) varies by the spheres being appealed to

  3. Toulmin Claim – statement advanced to gain the adherence of others Grounds – conditions, events, that provide foundation for your claim Warrant – general statements to justify the grounds Backing – specific EVIDENCE, values, credibility etc Qualifier –the force of the argument (your acceptable level of uncertainty) Rebuttal - answer to anticipated questions by opposition/decision makers

  4. Types of Evidence All evidence is “sphere dependent” Examples Statistics Testimony

  5. Examples Definition: an illustration which can be generalized to the claim being made Find examples relevant to the Sphere you are appealing to Examples appeal to values Hypothetical Examples???

  6. Statistics • Quantifiable data • Mean , Median, Mode • Statistical Trends/Tendencies • Credibility of Sources (global climate change)

  7. Testimony(someone other than the person making the argument) • Testimony of FACT • Testimony of OPINION • (expert opinion –can be countered by other “experts” – becomes an issue of credibility

  8. Where to Look • Internet Search (look for authoritative sources) • Government Documents • Statistical Abstract of the United States • Organizational Publications • Periodical Publications • Time, Newsweek, US News – NYTimes – Wall Street Journal etc.

  9. TESTS OF EVIDENCE • Credibility – source qualifications • Accuracy/Reliability • Originality of Observation (avoid second-hand evidence) • Recency • Bias (attitudes of the observer – do they have a hidden agenda) • Consistency or Contradiction with established info/data

  10. Statistics • Source bias (NRA or Uniform Crime Reports of the DOJ?) • Statistical Accuracy (statistical exercise) Simply put – do the numbers add up!!!!! • Comparable units (US and Canada? Or Iraq and Iran?)

  11. Record/Save your Evidence • Note cards • Data files on flash drives etc (so you are not printing out lots of pages)

  12. Reasoning with the Audience • Cause and Effect • Generalization (Inductive Reasoning – moving from a specific to the general) • A Parallel Case (events are similar) • Comparative Advantage

  13. Analogy (fundamental sameness in different cases one is “like” another) • Authority – credibility and expertise • Appeal based on Dichotomy - force a choice between only 2 choices

  14. Fallacies in Argument • Hasty Generalization (non representative sample – too little info etc) • Slippery Slope • Red Herring • Non Sequitur (Irrelevant Argument – does not follow) • Circular Reasoning

  15. Forcing a False Dichotomy • Appeal to Ignorance (ad ignoratium) no proof to the contrary exists • Appeal to the People/popularity (ad populum) to peoples prejudices, “most people” or “it is commonly known” • Appeal to Emotion (such as emotionally charged language – pro-murder etc)

  16. Appeal to Authority • Appeal to Tradition • Appeal to Humor • Argumentum Ad Hominem – attack the person not the argument (verbal aggression)

More Related