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Disposal of Human Waste using Eco-friendly Technology

Disposal of Human Waste using Eco-friendly Technology. Soumya Chatterjee , PhD, DRDS Scientist D DRDO, MoD , Govt. of India Defence Research Laboratory Post Bag no 2, Tezpur 784001, Assam [drlsoumya@gmail.com; 09435738428]. sanitaion : issues. Soumya Chatterjee, 2006.

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Disposal of Human Waste using Eco-friendly Technology

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  1. Disposal of Human Waste using Eco-friendly Technology Soumya Chatterjee, PhD, DRDS Scientist D DRDO, MoD, Govt. of India Defence Research Laboratory Post Bag no 2, Tezpur 784001, Assam [drlsoumya@gmail.com; 09435738428]

  2. sanitaion: issues Soumya Chatterjee, 2006

  3. Sanitation: Issues • A major concern • Plains • High altitude areas • Water borne diseases • About 1/7th of world population openly defecate due absence of any toilet , of which 60% live in India. • ~ 10 million childs <5yr - die globally/ year - out of which 2.4 million are in India • Children in India: 48% (62 million) with underweight and stunted growth due to frequent infections • Diarrhea kills 1600 (below 5yr) Indian children daily. • 100 cases of viral hepatitis per 100 000 people • epidemics of viral gastroenteritis, typhoid, cholera very common

  4. Sanitation: Issues • Every year 30% of marginalised women who travel long distances to access public facilities were physically and sexually assaulted ('Squatting Rights', a research by philanthropic foundation Dasra). • 70 % of girls experience humiliation every day in Delhi slums. • Lack of sanitation is detrimental to women's health, their dignity and to their education • Poor Sanitation: costing India 6.4 per cent of its GDP • Source: • http://ibnlive.in.com/news, Sep 29, 2012 • http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/, Feb 14, 2013

  5. Sanitation: Issues World’s Largest Mobile Toilet • Indian Railways • World’s largest rail network 115000 km • Runs 10000 trains daily • 20 million passengers travel by train every day • 59713 passenger coaches

  6. Sanitation in India • < 30% Indians have bathrooms in homes or easy access to public toilets. • ~ 250 of 4,000 cities/ towns have sewer systems- many without treatment plants. • Bulk of sewage -- even from metro cities flows untreated into rivers, lakes or the sea. • In rural areas, (70% Indians) fewer than 10% of homes have toilets. • ~2/3 of urban dwellings have bathrooms, still, public health risks are greater in cities than in rural areas because of cramped conditions in slums

  7. Priorities are Different • 60% (626 million) in India do not have toilet • This makes India the number one country in the world where open defecation is practiced • Indonesia with 63 million is a far second! • Less than 10% of Gram Panchayats in India are ODF Telephone statistics - May 2012 ( Source: trai.gov.in ) Telephone Subscribers (Wireless and Landline): 960.0 million Land Lines: 31.53 million Cell phones: 929.37 million Monthly Cell phone Addition: 8.35 million Tele density: 79.28% Annual Cell phone Addition: 227.27 million Projected Tele density: 1.159 billion, 97% of population by 2013

  8. Human Waste Disposal  UNDECOMPOSED HUMAN WASTE * AESTHETIC NUISANCE * INFECTIOUS DISEASES * ORGANIC POLLUTION  OPTIONS * TRANSPORTATION * INCINERATION * CHEMICAL TREATMENT * DTL * BIODEGRADATION (AEROBIC/ ANAEROBIC)

  9. Problems of Open Defecation Pollution of fecal matter with drinking water leads to contamination of food, fruits & vegetables, animals (direct contact, flies & rodents)

  10. Open defecation Individual houses toilets – dry, soak pit, twin pit & septic tank Flush & Forget Defecation 10

  11. DRY PIT TOILETS Most commonly used Ventilated Dry pit toilet Twin (Dry) pit toilet The pits needs periodical evacuation Manual scavenging problem not solved

  12. TWIN-PIT POUR-FLUSH Toilet (Leach Pit Toilets) • The pits are constructed in brick line (much like a honeycomb to facilitate the liquid to flow out) or with perforated concrete tubes (e.g. pre-fabricated) • A wooden or concrete slab to prevent people falling into them • The pit shape can be circular or rectangular, but circular pits are more stable • Pits should be placed symmetrically at the back of the latrine pan and have a minimal distance of the pit depth to prevent cross-contamination. • If the spacing between the two pits is to be reduced, an impervious barrier should be provided between them Adapted from http://www.k4rd.org/ruraltech_pit.htm [Accessed: 01.06.2010] Junction / Inspection chamber Distance not less than the pit depth Courtesy: SSWM

  13. SEPTIC-TANK (Conventional technology) • PRESENT SEPTIC TANK SYSTEMS :- • BIGGER VOLUME • REQUIRES LARGER SPACE • COSTLY TO BUILD • NOT EFFICIENT • OBNOXIOUS SMELL • MAINTENANCE INTENSIVE • UNHYGIENIC DISPOSAL

  14. Percentage of Households Having No LatrineIndia, 2001-2011 10.5 % improvement in 10 years

  15. Percentage of Households Having Pit LatrineIndia, 2001-2011

  16. Percentage of Households Having Other LatrineIndia, 2001-2011

  17. Waste Treatment Challenges Wide variation in temperature: -50oC to 50oC Variety Of Terrain: High Altitude, Hilly, Plains, Coastal Areas & Islands Water Conditions: Low / High Water Table Dry / Flooded / Water Logged Areas Sweet / Salty Water Economic Constraints, Awareness, Casual Approach Lack Of Concern

  18. anaerobic digestion

  19. Anaerobic digestion • It is a series of processes in which a consortia of microorganisms break-down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen. • Used for industrial or domestic purposes to manage waste and/or to release energy (to methane and carbon dioxide). • Stabilization process: reducing odor, pathogen and volume.

  20. Less/ No energy requirement as no aeration is needed 0.5-0.75 kWh energy is needed for every 1 kg of COD removal by aerobic processes 2. Energy generation in the form of methane gas 1.16 kWh energy is produced for every 1 kg of COD fermented in anaerobic process 3. Less biomass (sludge) generation Anaerobic process produces only 20% of sludge compared with aerobic process CO2 + H2O 0.5kg Aerobic process Soluble BOD 1 kg New biomass 0.5kg CH4 gas > 0.9 kg Anaerobic process Biodegradable COD 1 kg New biomass < 0.1 kg Advantage of anaerobic processes

  21. 4. Less nutrients (N & P) required Lower biomass synthesis rate also implies less nutrients requirement : 20% of aerobic 5. Application of higher organic loading rate Organic loading rates of 5-10 times higher than that of aerobic processes are possible 6. Space saving Higher loading rates require smaller reactor volumes thereby saving on disposal cost …Advantages of anaerobic processes • Ability to transform several hazardous solvents including chloroform, trichloroethylene and trichloroethane to an easily degradable form

  22. Anaerobic digestion: Steps Hydrolysis Particulates solubilized and large polymers converted to simpler monomers Robust Acidogenesis Simple monomers converted to volatile fatty acids Acetogenesis Volatile fatty acids converted to acetic acid, CO2 and H2 Sensitive Methanogenesis Acetate converted into CH4 and CO2 while H2 consumed A simplified generic chemical equation for the overall processes outlined above is as follows: C6H12O6 → 3CO2 + 3CH4

  23. strict anaerobes tolerant anaerobes facultative anaerobes strict aerobes Dissolved Oxygen pH Temperature psychrophilic mesophilic thermophilic < 20 oC 30 – 35 oC 50 – 60 oC 5.5-6.5 7.2-8.4 6.8 - 7.2 methanogens acidogens Toxicity (NH3, H2S, metals) Functional Inhibitory Fatal Bacteria : Environmental Conditions

  24. drdobiotoilet

  25. How a digester functions

  26. Laboratory Findings • DEVELOPMENT OF MICROBIAL CONSORTIUM • Screening & gradual adaptation • Isolation of psychrophilic bacteria • BIOAUGMENTAION OF MICROBIAL CONSORTIUM • VFA degrading bacteria • Psychrophilicproteolytic bacteria • CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROBIAL CONSORTIUM • HRT (25 days at 10°C) • Temp range (5-50°C) • Freeze-thaw resistance (two cycles) • PROCESS ENHANCEMENT • Immobilization • CaCO3 • Sulphate

  27. Anaerobic Microbial Consortium (Developed and maintained by DRDO) • Selection of microbial culture from different regions including low temperature regions • Adaptation to night soil • Adaptation to low temperature • FEATURES • Lowest temperature: 5 C • HRT: 25 days • BOD/COD reduction: > 90% • Pathogens reduction: > 99% • Freezing/thawing resistance- 3 cycles • Temperature fluctuation: 5-30 C

  28. DRDO TECHNOLOGY - BIOTOILET Anaerobic microbial consortium developed by acclimatization / enrichment of microbes at low temperature and bio-augmentation with critical group of bacteria BACTERIA (INOCULUM) Fermentation container made of mild steel / SS / FRP / bricks. BIO-TOILET The dimensions and internal design varies with no. Of users, water availability and geo-climatic conditions

  29. Types of BIOTOILET • High Altitude: • Metal - 1 m3 & 2 m3 • FRP (Heating) - 1 M3 • Rail: • Stainless Steel (SS) – 400 L • Plain: • FRP – 700 L • Biotank – Any size (from 1 m3 to--

  30. Biodigester Development High Altitude Soil Glacier Temp controlled: 20-25 men Metal – 10-20 men FRP – 10-20 men

  31. Biodigesters Metal Biodigesters Biodigesters at Army Transit Camp Pang (Altitude: 15200 Ft) Spot test for inflammability of biogas Biodigester at Siachen

  32. Modular Biodigesters for Glaciers

  33. Temperature Controlled Hybrid Biodigester Digester Solar Panel Grinder & Toilet Grinder Working at North Pullu (16400ft) since July 2006 Kitchen waste and human waste degradation

  34. Biodigesters In Islands - Lakshadweep FRP: 5-6 users Size: 700 L 12000 biotoilets are being installed

  35. Onboard Treatment of Human Waste in Indian Railways Lifeline to the nation …. 35

  36. Railway Biodigester

  37. Advantages • Eco-friendly & cost-effective • Wide applicability under different climatic conditions • Customized & easily adaptable • Maintenance free • Minimizes water consumption • Recycling of effluent water • Reduction in organic waste by more than 90% • More than 99% pathogens reduction • Generation of odourless and inflammable biogas

  38. Detergents/ Antiseptics for Cleaning • Phenyl upto 84ppm • Harpic upto 250ppm • Domex upto 250ppm • TASKI R6 upto 250 ppm* • TASKI Duck fresh upto 250ppm* • TASKI Clonet W4 upto 100ppm* • TASKI MM65 upto 100ppm* • TASKI MM60 upto 250ppm* • Routine toilet cleaning agents available in market are compatible with Biotoilet

  39. drdobiotank-reed bed system

  40. BIOTANK CUM REED BED: TECHNOLOGY (Biodegradations by Anaerobic bacteria) PRINCIPLE Biodegradation of Human Fecal Matter by Microorganisms in Absence of Oxygen HUMAN WASTE METHANE + CO2+ WATER (BIOGAS) COMPONENT OF THE TECHNOLOGY • Consortium of acclimatized microorganisms • Bacteria immobilization Matrix • Reaction Vessel • Reed Bed for secondary treatment of water (Optional) STEPS

  41. Study on Bacterial Consortium AIM: #Characterization of anaerobic bacteria in the consortium #Required to know the functioning of the system #Mandatory for the quality control • STUDY PLAN:Parallel Sequencing of Total DNA; Illumina GAIIX platform used • Quality control, clustering and similarity-based annotation & prediction done • Out of 17882386 reads, species and proteins were predicted using latest database servers Four Functional Groups Identified: Hydrolytic (eg. Bacteroides vulgates, B. fragilis), Acidogenic(eg. Prevotellacopri, Acinetobacter sp.) Acetogenic(eg. Clostridium saccharolyticum) , Methanogenic(eg. Methanobacteriumbryantii) • Diversity of bacterial end users in the system: • Play a crucial role in generating methane & CO2 • Utilization of H2, Fatty acids, formates, acetates

  42. Biotank Cum Reed Bed System • On-site construction • Design and construction very simple (masonry work, brick wall/ RCC structure). • The size of the Bio-Tank: approximately 1/3rd to 1/10th of conventional septic tank • Less space requirement • Low material/ construction cost • Can be of different sizes, either for single house or multi-storeyed complexes as per the requirement • Maintenance free

  43. Biotank Cum Reed Bed System • Reed bed can be added on top of BioTank for secondary treatment • Comprises of bed of sand and pebbles along with reed plants • Treats Human Waste Alone or Human Waste Plus Bathroom & Kitchen Waste Water

  44. BioTankcum Reed Bed system: Water quality

  45. BioTank cum Reed Bed system Water Quality (Identify the Tap water here!)

  46. BioTank cum Reed Bed system Water Quality (Identify the Tap water here!)

  47. BioTank cum Reed Bed system Water Quality (Identify the Tap water here!) Water Quality

  48. Vendors: Name & addresses of Vendors for Biotoilet technology M/S BANKA ENTERPRISES, A-111, Express Apartment, Lakdi-Ka-Pool, Hyderabad – 500 004., Phone (040) 66688028, 91-9246880060 M/S ALFA THERM LIMITED , 6, Community Centre, Mayapuri, Phase-I, New Delhi – 110 064., Ph. 28115222, 2811622 2 Mob. 9810060029, Fax 91-1-28115396 M/S WATERLIFE Ltd, Plot No.9, SAI NIDHI,2nd Floor, Krishnapuri Colony , West Marredpally Secunderabad- 500 026. ,Phone: 040 27709889, Fax: 040 27709889 M/S AIRFLOW EQUIPMENTS (INDIA) P.LTD., CHENNAI-600117 , 9, Chelliamman Koil Street,, Chennai,Tamil Nadu:600117. Phone: 044-22470350 M/S INUS , 215, M.B. Road, Birati, Kolkata, West Bengal, Pin- 700 051, 09331642340 (mob); 033-65226832 (tel); 28441333 (fax); inuswater@gmail.com M/S INDUSTRIAL SERVICES , 93, Dakshindari Road, Kolkata, Pin- 700 048, 09830029178 (mob); 033-25214561 (tel); 25214294 (fax); indserv@vsnl.net M/S SINGH STEELWORKS ,Mission Charali, Post Box No.30, Tezpur,Assam, Pin- 784001,09435380382 (mob); 255702, 237302 (fax); vikas@singhsteel.com M/S BUHANIA BROS., D-56, Sitapuri Part-1, Gali No.18, Near Pankha Road, New Delhi, Pin- 110 045, 09810734236 (mob); website: info@buhania.com M/S BSA CORPORATION LIMITED, 18-20 Sukhwani fortune, Morwadi Road, Pimpri, Pune 411018, Tel: 91-020-27474997, telefax: 91- 020 27474962 M/S REAL INDIA LIFETECH PVT LTD, Vasantha Chambers, Pent house, 50-10-173, Hyderabad 500004 91- 9959799334 (mob); sharath@realindialifetech.in M/S SVK GREENTECH PVT LTD, B121 Sec 71, Noida 201303, Tel: 91- 120-2484101-05; Fax: 91-120-2484107;email: prashant@svkgreentech.com) M/S SRIKAR GROUP OF COMPANIES, Polt no. 178/F/2, Road no. 19 & 22 IDA Mallapur, Uppal, Hyderabad, AP, Tel+Fax: 040 27176685 Mail: drlinga@gmail.com) M/S ERAM SCIENTIFIC SOLUTIONS PVT LTD, Devi Gardens, TC9/1615 (1), (2), (3), SRKM Hospital Road, Thiruvanthapuram 695010, Tel: 471-4062125, M/S MAK CONTROLS & SYSTEMS (P) LTD 7/41B Avinashi Road, Civil aerodrome Post, Coimbatore 641014 Tel: 0422-4305000; Fax: 0422-4305060;

  49. Landmarks of this technology

  50. Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) has been signed between DRDO and Ministry of Railways, Government of India MARCH 09, 2010 Memorandum of Understanding DRDO - IR

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