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SOL Review

Biology…. The study of life. SOL Review. What do you remember?. 8 Characteristics of Life. C – C ell Structure and Function R – R eproduction O – O rganization G – G row and Development H – H omeostasis E – E nergy R – R esponse to Stimuli E – E volution (Adaptation)

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SOL Review

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  1. Biology…. The study of life. SOL Review What do you remember?

  2. 8 Characteristics of Life • C – Cell Structure and Function • R – Reproduction • O – Organization • G – Grow and Development • H – Homeostasis • E – Energy • R – Response to Stimuli • E – Evolution (Adaptation) Or “GO-CHEERR”

  3. The Scientific Method

  4. Are there any safety rules?

  5. Independent Variable: The variable which is used as the basis for estimating or predicting the outcome of an experiment (what is changed). Example: Time Dependent Variable: The variable which is estimated or predicted (what is measured). Example: Rate of Growth Scientific Method Terms

  6. Control: Standard for comparison for testing the results of an experiment. The group that is not exposed to the variable. • Variable: The condition that is being tested. *Only one variable can be tested in an experiment. • Constants: Factors that you do not change in the experiment

  7. Independent Variable: X axisDependent Variable Y axis Plant Growth Growth in cm. 8 7 6 5 4 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Day

  8. Question #1 • A biology class wanted to develop a • research project to predict the effects • of a new highway on wildflower • species found in the Piedmont region • of Virginia. The class could best • conduct such a study by sampling • flowers found in the highway • construction area — • F one year before highway construction • begins • G both before and after highway • construction is completed _ • H immediately after highway construction • is finished • J during the time highway construction is • taking place

  9. Question #2 • Two plant species found in a dry • region of the western United States • exhibit vastly different abilities to • survive. Species A has very slow stem • growth and few leaves but is very • abundant. Species B has rapid stem • growth and many leaves but is very • rare. Which hypothesis is most likely • supported by this information? • F Leaf shape may give species B an • advantage over species A. • G Flower size and color may give species B • an advantage over species A. • H Reduced root growth may give species A • an advantage over species B. • J Reduced stem growth may give species • A an advantage over species B. _

  10. Question #3What is the first step of a scientific investigation?F. formulate a hypothesis G. gather and analyze data H. identify a question J. Design an experiment

  11. Light Microscope Advantages: View live organisms Inexpensive Can be taken into field Disadvantages: Low magnification Low resolution Electron Microscope Advantages: High Magnification High Resolution Disadvantages: Expensive Can not be taken into field Organisms are killed in preparation process Microscopes

  12. Question #4 A microscope with a 4x objective lens and a 10x ocular lens produces a total magnification of A. 14x B. 40x C. 400x D. 4000x

  13. Question #5 The clarity of an image produced by a microscope is called: A. magnification B. resolution C. micrograph D. amplification

  14. THE CELL THEORY(ABC’s) • ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE FROM CELLS (Schleiden/Schwann) • CELLS ARE THE BASIC UNIT OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN LIVING THINGS. (Schleiden/Schwann) • ALL CELLS COME FROM PRE-EXISTING CELLS. (Virchow) *Robert Hooke coined the term “cell”

  15. The Cell Cycle

  16. Result or Product of Mitosis? • TWO new daughter CELLSIDENTICAL to the parent (Asexual reproduction) • The cells will grow until they are forced to divide • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase

  17. Meiosis Summary

  18. Abiotic Factors: non-living Water, Wind, Rocks, pH, Salinity, Sun, etc

  19. Biotic Factors : Living Plants, Animals, Bacteria

  20. DNA • Double helix • Contains the nitrogenous bases Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine • Consist of a sugar/phosphate backbone with nitrogen bases pairing up to form the “rungs” of the ladder. A=T G=C

  21. DNA .. The Race for the Double Helix The Blue Print for life. • Franklin and Wilkins: Worked together in determining that DNA was a double helix. • Watson and Crick: Made a model of the structure of DNA that worked (1953).

  22. DNA Double stranded Found in the nucleus Contains T,A,G,C Contains the sugar Deoxyribose RNA Single stranded Found in and out of the nucleus Contains U,A,G,C Contains the sugar ribose DNA and RNA

  23. Nucleotides • Building block (monomer) of nucleic acids. • Consists of a sugar, phosphate, and a base.

  24. Replication • The process of making a copy of DNA. • Occurs in the nucleus. • Is semi-conservative. • Required so a cell can divide and each new cell will have a copy of the DNA.

  25. REPLICATION Original Strand • With the help of Enzymes • Helicase: Unwinds/unzips • DNA Polymerase: makes complementary strands

  26. Transcription • Copying the code for a gene from DNA. • This process occurs in the nucleus. • The code is delivered to the ribosome by RNA.

  27. After transcription occurs, DNA rewinds to its pre-transcribed state.

  28. The 3 RNA’s • tRNA: Transfer RNA: Brings the amino acid to the ribsome. Matches up its anti-codon to the codon on mRNA. • mRNA: Messenger RNA: Brings the codon to the ribosome. (Brings the message from DNA to the ribosome) • rRNA: ribosomal RNA: Along with protein, it is a component of ribosomes. (made in the nucleolus)

  29. rRNA + protein = Ribosome

  30. Question #7 If the codon A-A-A is found on mRNA, what anti-codon on tRNA that will match up to it? A. T-T-T B. U-U-U C. G-G-G D. C-C-C

  31. Question #8 Which base sequence of a DNA molecule produces a codon on an mRNA molecule that will allow the amino acid valine to be incorporated into a protein? A. G-G-T B. G-A-T C. C-G-A D. C-A-A

  32. DNA Technology • Gel electrophoresis: -Forensics • PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction • Recombinant DNA: Insulin, growth hormone : Pest resistance in plants • Human Genome: A complete map of the human DNA sequence. • Detect, treat, and prevent many genetic diseases

  33. Human Genome PCR Gel electrophoresis

  34. Question #9 Recombinant DNA is presently used in the biotechnology industry to : A. increase fertilization B. treat infectious diseases C. treat genetic disorders D. decrease agricultural yields

  35. Cloning The production of genetically identical cells and/or organisms.

  36. Mendel and Genetics • Mendel is considered to be the father of genetics. • Mendel’s laws of heredity are based on his mathematical analysis of observations of patterns of inheritance. • Simple genetic recombinations are governed by the laws of probability.

  37. Genotype: The alleles present in an organism. Phenotype: The physical characteristics present. (This is due to the alleles present)

  38. Punnett Squares • Dominant alleles: Capital letter • Recessive alleles: Lower case letter • Example : Red is dominant to white. R = red r = white G = green g = white

  39. Question #10 The gene for tallness (T) is dominant over the gene for shortness (t) In pea plants. A homozygous dominant pea plant is crossed with a Heterozygous pea plant, and 200 seeds are produced. Approximately How many of these seeds can be expected to produce plants that are homozygous dominant? A. 0 B. 50 C. 100 D. 200

  40. Question #11 In holly trees, red fruit (A) are dominant to white fruit (a), and spiny leaves (L) are dominant to smooth leaves (l). According to this Punnett square, how many of the new holly trees from this cross could have white fruit and smooth leaves? A. None B. 1 out of 16 C. 9 out of 16 D. all

  41. Characteristics of Water • Water has a high specific heat. It takes a lot of energy to change the temperature of water. • Water absorbs heat when it evaporates. • In the solid form, ice floats, preventing lakes and oceans from freezing solid. • Water is the universal solvent. It can carry nutrients into and around cells, and carry wastes away. • Cohesion/Adhesion

  42. Diffusion • The movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration. • Diffusion occurs in cells when substances which are dissolved in water move from an area of higher to lower concentration. • No energy is needed for diffusion to occur.

  43. Osmosis • The movement of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane. • A special type of diffusion. • Movement occurs from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lesser water concentration. High Low

  44. Hypertonic: Water concentration is greater inside the cell. (solute concentration is higher outside the cell) Hypotonic: Water concentration is greater outside the cell. (solute concentration is higher inside the cell) Isotonic: Water concentration is the same inside and outside of the cell. (solute concentration is equal inside and outside of the cell).

  45. Question #12 Which property of water allows many land-dwelling organisms to Maintain body temperature by eliminating excess heat? A. Water’s ability to evaporate. B. Water’s movement by capillary action. C. Water’s capacity to dissolve substances. D. Water’s formation of ions in solution.

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