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Nuclear Physics. Nuclear Structure. Nucleus – consists of nucleons (neutrons and protons) Atomic Number Z number of protons Atomic Mass Number A nucleon number total number of neutrons and protons. Atomic Radius. r = (1.2 x 10 -15 m) A 1/3 r radius
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Nuclear Structure • Nucleus – consists of nucleons (neutrons and protons) • Atomic Number Z number of protons • Atomic Mass Number A nucleon number total number of neutrons and protons
Atomic Radius • r = (1.2 x 10 -15 m) A 1/3 r radius A atomic mass number
Strong Nuclear Force • One of three fundamental forces that have been discovered (others gravitational force, electroweak force) • Almost independent of electric charge • Nearly the same nuclear force of attraction exists between 2 protons, 2 neutrons, or between a proton and a neutron.
Strong Nuclear Force • Range short; very strong when nucleons are as close as 10-15 m zero at larger distances • This limited range prevents extra neutrons from balancing longer range electric repulsions of extra protons and atoms become unstable • Bismuth largest stable nucleus
Radioactivity • All nuclei above bismuth , Z > 83, will have unstable nuclei and spontaneously break apart or rearrange structure of internal structure • This spontaneous disintegration or rearrangement is radioactivity
Nuclear Binding Energy • The required energy to break a nucleus apart • DE = (Dm)c2 DE binding energy Dm mass defect of the nucleus (the difference in mass of the nucleus and the individual masses of the separated protons and neutrons) c speed of light
Radioactive Decay • When unstable or radioactive nuclei disintegrate spontaneously particles or high-energy photons are released • These particles and photons are called rays • There are three kinds of rays produced by naturally occurring radioactivity a, b & g
a Decay • When a nucleus decays and emits a rays • a rays ray of positively charged particles; He+2 nuclei 42He • AZP A-4Z-2D + 42He P Parent D Daughter
a Decay • Energy released = difference in beginning and ending total atomic mass units • 1 amu or u = 931.5 MeV • Since the parent and daughter nuclei are different this is a process called transmutation
b Decay • b rays consist of negatively charged particles • b– particles electrons 0-1e • b- decay AZP AZ+1D + 0-1e • b+ decay AZP AZ-1D + 01e (positron) • Use masses from Periodic Table to determine energy release
g Decay • The emission of high energy photons when a nucleus changes from an exited energy state(*) to a lower energy state • Does not cause a transmutation • AZP* AZP + g
The Neutrino • Another particle emitted during b decay • Accounts for the energy missing from the KEb after emission • Verified experimentally in 1956 • Has zero electric charge • Interacts weakly with matter • Has mass, a fraction of an electron’s, and travel at less than the speed of light