Download
1 / 54
640 likes | 1.31k Vues
Managerial Economics. 朱敏 231 6707 zhuminer@tom.com. TEXT BOOK. Managerial Economics : WWW.mhhe.com/economics/maurice7. The author. S.Charles Maurice 得克萨斯 A&M 大学 Christopher R Thomas 南佛罗里达大学. REFERRENCE.
E N D
Managerial Economics 朱敏 2316707 zhuminer@tom.com
TEXT BOOK Managerial Economics : WWW.mhhe.com/economics/maurice7
The author S.Charles Maurice 得克萨斯A&M大学 Christopher R Thomas 南佛罗里达大学
REFERRENCE 1.P A Samuelson，W D Nordhaus. Economics．16th Edition，1998，McGraw-Hill Companies，Inc. 2.Joseph E Stiglitz．Economics．2th edition，1997，W W Norton & Company 3.Robert S Pindyck，Daniel L Rubinfeld. Microeconomics．5th edition，2001，Prentice-Hall
4.Hal R Varian. Intermediate Microeconomics：A Modern Approach. 5th eds, W W Norton & Company, 1999 5.Gregory N Mankiw. Principles of Economics. The Dryden Press, 1998 6.James R . McGuigan, R Charles Moyor, Frederick H. Management Economics—Application, Strategy, and Tactics
Why do we learn Managerial Economics? • Business students who wish to become successful managers of business enterprises should understand how the economic forces of the market create both opportunities and constraints for making profit.
Managerial Economics brings together those topics in microeconomic theory that can be applied to business decision making to create a powerful and timeless way of thinking about markets and business decisions—both today decisions and tomorrow.
What is Managerial Economics? • Managerial economics applies microeconomic theory-the study of the behavior of individual economic agents -to business problems in order to teach business decision makers how to use economic analysis to make decisions that will achieve the firm’s goal: the maximization of profit.
管理经济学的分析方法 • 均衡分析法 • 边际分析法 • 数学模型分析法
均衡分析方法主要应用方向 • 制定价格 • 确定产量 • 确定要素组合
边际分析方法主要应用方向 • 确定企业规模 • 制定价格策略 • 确定要素投入量 • 产品结构分析
数学模型主要的应用方向 • 需求预测 • 生产分析 • 成本决策 • 市场分析 • 风险分析
Emphasis on the Economic Way of Thinking • The primary goal of this book continues to teach students the economic way of thinking about business decisions. Managerial Economics emphasizes critical thinking skills and provides students with a logical way of analyzing business decisions. • Emphasize active study rather than passive study.
Chapter 1 Managers,Profits,and Markets • Managerial economics and economic theory • maximizing profit • separation of ownership and control • market structure and Managerial decision making
Some basic understandings In Chinese lectures, the instructor usually follow the practice Give further examples or analysis What is managerial economics? Explain the context
But in the original English textbook, the order is just inverted. To find problems (case study) To summarize the theory Try to find solutions
1.1Managerial economics and economic theory • Economics tells you basis theories and principles (which may be found not applicable); • Managerial economics tells you how to manage your firm economically. • p4
Problems faced by decision makers in management Managerial economics, which applies and extends economics and the decision science to solve management problems Decision science Economic theory Solutions to decision problems faced by managers Relationship between managerial economics and related disciplines
Managerial economics provides a systematic, logical way of analyzing business decisions that focuses on the economic forces that shape both day-to-day decisions and long-run planning decisions. Managerial economics applies microeconomic theory-the study of the behavior of individual economic agents -to business problems in order to teach business decision makers how to use economic analysis to make decisions that will achieve the firm’s goal: the maximization of profit.
Economic theory helps managers understand real-world business problems by using simplifying assumptions to abstract away from irrelevant ideas and information and turn complexity into relative simplicity. Like a road map, economic theory ignores everything irrelevant to the problem and reduces business problems to their most essential components.
e.g.You are an ice-cone firm. In the just passing summer, your performance were not so satisfactory as a whole, so you are thinking of some possible decisions for the next summer. ? What will you do?
Profit maximization Satisfactory EPS ( Earning per share) Not so satisfactory Market share Market growth rate, etc (usu. )Profit maximization
1.2 maximizing profit • In practice,owners of firms,seeking to increase their personal wealth,generally do run a business primarily for the purpose of making as much profit as possible.This text focuses on making profitable business decisions. • •Usually firms are assumed to maximize its profits
1.2.1 Economic profit versus Accounting profit • Economic profit is the difference between a firm’s total revenue and the total economic cost of using productive resources. The economic cost of using resources is the opportunity cost of using those resources.
For resources owned by others, the opportunity cost of resource use is the dollar amount paid to the resource owners.These payments made to resource owners are called explicit costs.For resources the firm uses that are owned by the firm, the opportunity cost is equal to the largest payment that the owner could have received if those resources had been leased or sold in the market.These costs of using a firm’s own resources are called implicit costs.
economic profitThe difference between total revenue and total economic cost, including both explicit and implicit costs. • explicit costsThe opportunity cost of using resources owned by others. • implicit costsThe opportunity costs of using resources owned by the firm
accounting profit differs from economic profit because accounting profit does not subtract from total revenue the implicit costs of using resources.The value of owning a business is measured by economic profit rather than accounting profit.accounting profitThe difference between total revenue and explicit costs.
The opportunity cost of using the owner’s own resources is called normal profit. Normal profit is part of total cost,just another name for the implicit cost . When economic profit is zero, the firm is just earning a normal profit. When economic profit is positive (negative), the firm earns more (less) than a normal profit. Since accountants are not allowed to deduct normal profit as a cost, economic profit is less than accounting profit by the amount of normal profit:
Economic profit = Accounting profit - Normal profit • normal profitThe implicit cost of owner-supplied resources. • p7
Since all costs matter to owners of a firm, maximizing economic profit, rather than accounting profit, is the objective of the firm’s owners. • p23 1. 2.
例题 • 莎伦是手艺很高的女裁缝，几年前，她以每码5美元的价格购买了一块布料。现在由于涨价，把这块布料卖回给商店的价格为每码15美元。沙伦打算用这块布料做衣服，卖给她的朋友。他估计每件衣服需用4码布和4个工时，他估计每个工时的价格为10美元。如果每件衣服能卖90美元，问：莎伦通过制作和销售衣服能否赚得经济利润呢？
1.2.2 maximizing the value of the firm • The value of a firm is the price for which it can be sold, and that price is equal to the present value of the expected future profits of the firm.
MONEY $1000 ? ? TODAY TOMORROW Present value Why you prefer money today? It is the property of the passage of time.
Since interest can be earned over time means that, all future costs and revenues (future cash flows) must be discounted to get the present value (PV).
value of a firmThe price for which the firm can be sold, which equals the present value of future profits.
The risk associated with not knowing future profits of a firm is accounted for by using a higher risk-adjusted discount rate to calculate the present value of the firm’s future profits. The larger (smaller) the risk associated with future profits, the higher (lower) the risk-adjusted discount rate used to compute the value of the firm, and the lower (higher) will be the value of the firm.
risk premiumAn increase in the discount rate to compensate investors for uncertainty about future profits.
In the absence of any agency problems, the objective of a manager is to maximize the value of the firm. A manager will maximize the value of a firm by making decisions that maximize profit in every single time period, unless cost and/or revenue conditions in any period depend upon decisions made in other time periods.If increasing current output has a positive effect on----.single-period profit.
1.3 separation of ownership and control • Traditional objective:Profit Maximization • (the only objective) • In reality:a wide range of objectives • personal goals • company growth target • maximization of market share, etc
1.3.1the principal-agent problem • In firms where the managers are not also the owners, the managers are agents of the owners, or principals. • A principal-agent problem exists when the agent has objectives different from those of the principal, and the principal either has difficulty enforcing agreements with the agent or finds it too difficult and costly to monitor the agent to verify that he or she is furthering the principal’s objectives.
Agency problems arise because of moral hazard. Moral hazard exists when either party to an agreement has an incentive not to abide by all the provisions of the agreement and one party cannot cost-effectively find out if the other party is abiding by the agreement or cannot enforce the agreement even when the information is available.
Principal-agent problemThe conflict that arises when the goals of management (the agent) do not match the goals of the owner (the principal). • moral hazardExists when either party to an agreement has an incentive not to abide by all provisions of the agreement and one party cannot cost-effectively monitor the agreement.
Illustration 1.3 • In many industries, the most profitable firms are not the largest or fastest-growing ones, as illustration 1.3 shows.
1.3.2 corporate control mechanisms • In order to address agency problems, shareholders can employ a variety of corporate control mechanisms. Shareholders can reduce or eliminate agency problems by (1) requiring that managers hold a stipulated amount of the firm’s equity, (2) increasing the percentage of outsiders serving on the company’s board of directors, and (3) financing corporate investments with debt instead of equity. Corporate takeovers also create an incentive for managers to make decisions that maximize the value of a firm.
1.4 market structure and Managerial decision making • The structure of the market in which a firm operates can limit the ability of managers to increase the price of the firm’s products. • In some markets, firms are price-takers. In these markets prices are determined not by managers but by market forces that cannot be controlled. • In other markets, managers of price-setting firms possess some degree of market power and can raise price without losing all their sales.
price-takerA firm that cannot set the price of the product it sells, since price is determined strictly by the market forces of demand and supply. • price-setting firmA firm that can raise its price without losing all of its sales. • market powerA firm’s ability to raise price without losing all sales.
1.4.1what is a market? • A market is any arrangement that enables buyers and sellers to exchange goods and services, usually for money payments. • A market may be a location at a certain time, a newspaper advertisement, a website on the Internet, or any other arrangement that works to bring buyers and sellers together. Markets exist to reduce transaction costs, the costs of making a transaction.
marketAny arrangement through which buyers and sellers exchange anything of value. • transaction costsCosts of making a transaction happen, other than the price of the good or service itself.
1.4.2 different market structures • A market structure is a set of market characteristics that determines the economic environment in which a firm operates: (1) the number and size of the firms operating in the market, (2) the degree of product differentiation, and (3) the likelihood of new firms entering.
